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Introduction to Meteorological Disasters in Yunnan Province1

1 Geographical Location and Area1

Section 1 Geographical Environment1

Chapter Ⅰ Features of Geography , Weather and Climate, and Meteorological Disasters1

Foreword1

Preface 21

Preface 11

第一章 地理、天气气候及气象灾害特征1

第一节 地理环境1

一、位置、面积1

3 Major Mountains, Gorges , Rivers and Lakes2

2 Topography and Geomorphology2

二、地势、地貌2

三、主要山脉、峡谷、河流及湖泊2

1 Principal Weather Characteristics4

Section 2 Weather and Climate Features4

第二节 天气气候特征4

一、主要天气特点4

二、主要气候特点8

2 Principal Climate Characteristics8

1 Characteristics of Meteorological Disasters12

Section 3 Features of Meteorological Disasters12

第三节 气象灾害特征12

一、气象灾害的特点12

二、气象灾害的变化规律13

2 Variation Law of Meteorological Disasters13

2 The Influence of Meteorological Disasters in Key Growth Periods on Agriculture14

二、农业生产关键期的气象灾害影响14

一、云南与全国农业气象灾害比较14

第四节 气象灾害对农业的影响14

Section 4 The Impact of Meteorological Disasters on Agriculture14

1 Comparison of Agrometeorological Disasters between Yunnan and China14

第一节 云南干旱的基本状况16

第二章 干旱及其危害16

一、干旱的季节性16

Chapter Ⅱ Drought Damage and Its Risks16

Section 1 Basic Situation of Yunnan Drought16

1 Seasonality of Drought16

2 Regional Features of Drought17

二、干旱的地域性17

Section 2 Causes for Yunnan Drought18

1 Atmospheric Circulation Effect18

第二节 云南干旱的成因18

一、大气环流的作用18

2 Special Effect from Geographical Conditions20

二、地理条件的特殊作用20

三、人类活动加剧了干旱的发生21

3 Human Activities Causing Drought Enhancement21

Section 3 The Influence of Summer Monsoon on Yunnan Drought22

1 Summer Monsoon of Impacting Yunnan22

第三节 夏季风对云南干旱的影响22

一、影响云南的夏季风22

2 Southwest Monsoon and Yunnan Early Summer Drought24

二、西南季风与云南初夏干旱24

3 Southwest Monsoon Lull and Yunnan Mid-Summer Drought26

三、西南季风间歇期与云南盛夏干旱26

Section 4 The Relation between EI Nino Events and Yunnan Drought27

第四节 厄尔尼诺与云南干旱的关系27

1 EI Nino Phenomenon and Its Influence28

一、厄尔尼诺及其影响28

2 Yunnan Drought Response to EI Nino Events31

二、云南干旱对厄尔尼诺事件的响应31

3 Discussion about Influencing Physical Mechanism between Yunnan Drought-Flood Disasters and El Nino Events33

三、关于厄尔尼诺事件对云南旱涝影响物理机制的讨论33

Section 5 The Study of Yunnan Drought in Historical Periods34

1 Data Source and processing34

第五节 云南历史时期干旱的研究34

一、资料来源及处理34

二、近500年主要干旱事件36

2 Major Drought Events in Recent 500 Years36

三、云南干旱的周期分析40

3 Periodic Analyses of Yunnan Drought40

第六节 云南近50年干旱分析41

一、气候变化背景41

二、旱涝指数计算41

1 Background of Climate Variation41

2 Calculation of Dryness and Wetness Grades Index41

Section 6 Analyses of Yunnan Drought in Recent 50 Years41

3 Harm of Drought Damage in Recent 50 Years42

三、近50年干旱的危害42

第一节 云南暴雨洪涝的特征44

Chapter Ⅲ Rainstorm and Flood Disaster44

Section 1 Features of Yunnan Rainstorm and Elood44

1 Basic Characteristics of Yunnan Rainstorm44

一、云南暴雨的基本特点44

第三章 暴雨洪涝灾害44

2 Features of Yunnan Flood46

二、云南洪涝特征46

三、50年来洪涝灾害分布的变化48

3 Distributive Change of Flood Disaster in Recent 50 Years48

一、持续的偏南暖湿气流49

第二节 云南暴雨洪涝成因49

Section 2 Causes for Yunnan Rainstorm and Flood49

1 Continuous Warm and Wet Southwardly Air Flow49

二、繁多的降雨天气系统50

2 Various Precipitation Weather Systems50

3 Special Geographical Environment Effect52

三、特殊的地理环境作用52

Section 3 Diagnostic Analyses of Large Scope and Continuous Yunnan Rainstorm and Flood53

1 500 hPa Atmospheric Circulation Features53

第三节 云南大范围、持续性暴雨洪涝诊断分析53

一、大范围、持续性暴雨洪涝的500hPa环流特征53

2 Physical Quanities Analyses of Circulation Systems54

二、大范围、持续性暴雨洪涝的环流系统物理量分析54

三、云南大范围、持续性暴雨洪涝的概念模型55

3 Conceptual Models55

Section 4 Flood Damage Analyses in Recent 500 Years57

1 Features of Flood Disaster in Recent 500 Years57

第四节 近500年洪涝灾害分析57

一、近500年洪涝灾害特征57

2 Regional Distribution of Flood Disasters in Recent 500 Years and Topographic Impact58

二、云南500年洪涝灾害的区域分布及地形影响58

3 Comparison of Severe Flood Catastrophe Year between Yunnan and China59

三、云南特大洪涝年与全国最涝年的比较59

1Severe Raistorm and Flood Events in Yunnan Near 500 Years60

Section 5 Famous Flood Disasters in Yunnan,China and World60

第五节 云南、中国及世界的著名暴雨洪涝灾害60

一、500年来云南的特大暴雨洪涝灾害60

2Famous Severe Rainstorm and Flood Events in China62

二、中国著名的特大暴雨洪涝62

三、世界上著名的洪涝灾害64

3Global Famous Flood Catastrophe Events64

一、云南寒潮的定义66

第四章 云南的寒潮及影响66

Chapter Ⅳ Yunnan Cold Wave and Impact66

Section 1 Features of Yunnan Cold Wave66

1 Definition of Yunnan Cold Wave66

第一节 云南寒潮的特征66

二、云南寒潮的气候统计特征67

2 Climate Statistic Features of Yunnan Cold Wave67

三、云南寒潮的分布70

3 Distribution of Yunnan Cold Wave70

四、云南寒潮的几种形式71

4 Some Patterns of Yunnan Cold Wave71

Section 2 Formation of Yunnan Cold Wave72

1 Atmospheric Circulation Background72

第二节 云南寒潮的形成72

一、大气环流背景72

二、地形的影响73

2 Topographic Influence73

三、昆明准静止锋的作用75

3 Kunming Quasi-Stationary Front Effect75

4 Contribution from Southern Branch Westerly Trouhg76

5 Major Paths of Yunnan Cold Wave and Cold Air76

四、南支槽的贡献76

五、云南寒潮冷空气的基本路径76

Section 3 Yunnan Strong Precipitation in Winter77

1 Macroscopical Features of Yunnan Strong Precipitation in Winter77

第三节 云南冬季强降水77

一、云南冬季强降水的宏观特征77

2 Satellite Cloud Pictures Features of Yunnan Strong Precipitation in Winter78

二、云南冬季强降水的卫星云图特征78

3 Physical Quantities Diagnosis of Yunnan Strong Precipitation in Winter79

三、云南冬季强降水的物理量诊断79

Section 4 Trough-Cold Wave Weather in Yunnan80

一、槽潮天气的大气环流特征80

第四节 云南的“槽潮天气”80

1 Atmospheric Circulation Features of Trough-Cold Wave Weather80

2 Satellite Cloud Pictures Features of Trough-Cold Wave Weather81

二、槽潮天气的卫星云图特征81

三、槽潮天气的诊断分析82

3 Diagnostic Analyses of Trough-Cold Wave Weather82

4 A Discussion about Yunnan Trough-Cold Wave Weather83

四、关于槽潮天气的讨论83

一、最大的两次降雪天气84

第五节 近50年云南主要寒潮灾害过程简述84

1 Two Maximum Snow Weather Cases84

Section 5 A Brief Introduction of Main Yunnan Cold Wave Damage Process in Recent 50 Years84

2 Three Severe Strong Frost Weather Cases85

三、世纪之交的两次强寒潮85

二、最强的三次霜冻85

3 Two Severe Strong Cold Wave Cases in the Alternation of Centuries85

一、低温冷害的成因87

1 Cause of Chilling Damage Formation87

Section 1 Basic Situation of Yunnan Chilling Damage87

Chapter Ⅴ Chilling Damage87

第五章 低温冷害87

第一节 低温冷害的基本情况87

2 Types of Chilling Damage88

二、低温冷害的类型88

三、低温冷害的指标90

3 Index of Chilling Damage90

1 Time Distribution Law and Its Features92

Section 2 Law of Yunnan Chilling Damage Activities92

第二节 低温冷害的活动规律与特点92

一、时间性分布规律与特点92

二、地域性分布规律与特点93

2 Space Distribution Law and Its Features93

第三节 滇东北凌冻与滇西北雪灾97

一、滇东北凌冻灾害97

Section 3 Ice Rain Disaster in Northeastern Yunnan and Snow Damage in Northwestern Yunnan97

1 Ice Rain Disaster in Northeastern Yunnan97

二、滇西北雪灾99

2 Snow Damage in Northwestern Yunnan99

第四节 著名的低温冷害事件101

Section 4 Famous Yunnan Chilling Damage Events101

一、严重的夏季冷害事件101

1 Severe Summer Chilling Damage Events101

2 Severe Spring Frost Damage Events105

二、严重的春季冻害事件105

1 Major Physical Features of Hail111

第六章 冰雹、大风与雷暴111

第一节 冰雹灾害111

一、冰雹的主要物理特征111

Section 1 Hail Damage111

Chapter Ⅵ Hail,High Wind and Thunderstorm111

二、冰雹的物理形成机制113

2 Physical Mechanism of Hail Formation113

三、冰雹的时空分布114

3 Time and Space Distribution of Hail114

四、地形与冰雹116

4 Tropographic Influence and Hail116

五、云南冰雹灾害的主要天气形势117

5 Major Synoptic Situation of Yunnan Hail Damage117

一、风力大小的衡量标准118

第二节 大风灾害118

1 Standard of Wind Scales118

Section 2 High Wind Disaster118

二、大风对农业生产的影响119

2 The Influence of High Wind on Agriculture119

3 Time and Space Distribution of High Wind120

三、大风的时空分布120

4 Cause of Yunnan High Wind Formation122

四、云南风灾的成因122

5 Tornado Damage123

五、龙卷风灾害123

第三节 雷暴灾害124

Section 3 Thunderstorm Disaster124

一、雷暴的形成125

1 Cause of Thunderstorm125

二、云南雷暴日的空间分布126

2 Space Distribution of Yunnan Thunderstorm Days126

三、云南雷暴日的时间变化127

3 Time Change of Yunnan Thunderstorm Days127

5 Influencing Factors of Thunderstroke128

五、影响雷击的因素128

四、雷击危害的形式128

4 Types of Thunderstroke128

Section 1 Forest Fire Disaster130

Chapter Ⅶ Natural Disasters Evolved from Meteorological Condition130

1 Risks from Forest Fire130

第七章 衍生的气象灾害130

第一节 森林火灾130

一、森林火灾的危害130

二、林火发生的条件及其原因131

2 Cause and Condition of Forest Fire Formation131

三、森林火灾与气象条件132

3 Forest Fire and Meteorological Condition132

四、森林火灾的时间分布134

4 Time and Space Distribution of Forest Fire134

五、森林火险等级预报135

5 Forest Fire Dangerous Grades Forecast135

1 Risks from Landslide and Debris Flow136

第二节 滑坡泥石流灾害136

Section 2 Landslide and Debris Flow Disaster136

一、滑坡泥石流的危害136

二、滑坡泥石流的生成环境及影响因素137

2 Formation Environment and Impact Factors of Landslide and Debris Flow137

三、云南崩塌滑坡泥石流的主要分布区139

3 Main Distributive Zones of Yunnan Collapse , Landslide and Debris Flow139

4 The Relation between Severe Precipitation and Debris Flow Disaster141

四、泥石流灾害与强降水的关系141

Section 3 Agricultural Biological Disaster142

第三节 农业生物灾害142

1 Characteristics of Agricultural Biological Disaster143

2 Common Agricultural Biological Disaster143

一、农业生物灾害的特点143

二、常见的农业生物灾害143

三、农业生物灾害的发生趋势144

3 Occurrence Tendency of Agricultural Biological Disaster144

4 Cause of Major Disease and Insect Pests145

5 Meteorological Condition of Yunnan Major Disease and Insect Pests Occurrence and Popularity145

五、云南主要病虫害发生流行的气象条件145

四、重大病虫害的发生145

第四节 大气环境灾害148

一、城市大气污染148

Section 4 Atmospheric Environment Disaster148

1 City Atmospheric Pollution148

二、大气环境质量状况150

2 Situation of Atmospheric Environment Quality150

三、大气环境污染的规律153

3 Law of Atmospheric Environment Pollution153

4 The Influence of Meteorological Condition on Pollutioin154

四、气象条件对污染的影响154

六、云南部分大气污染典型事件155

5 The Influence of Precipitation on Water Environment Pollution155

五、降水对水环境污染的影响155

6 Few Typical Cases of Yunnan Atmospheric Pollution155

七、大气环境质量预报156

7Atmospheric Environment Quality Forecast156

Section 5 Meteorotropic Disease Disaster158

1 The Influence of Weather and Climate on Human Health158

一、天气、气候对人体健康的影响158

第五节 “气象病”灾害158

2 Climate Warming Unfavorable to Human Health161

二、气候变暖对人类健康不利161

三、大气污染对健康的影响162

3 The Impact of Atmospheric Pollution on Human Health162

4 Some Yunnan Infectious Disease Events164

四、云南部分传染病事件164

五、医疗气象预报165

5 Medical-Meteorological Forecase165

第一节 气象灾害的减灾对策166

一、干旱的防御措施166

第八章 气象防灾减灾166

1 Drought Prevention Measures166

Section 1 Meteorological Disasters Reduction Countermeasures166

Chapter Ⅷ Meteorological Disasters Prevention and Reduction166

三、夏季低温冷害的防御措施168

3 Summer Chilling Damage Prevention Ways168

2 Flood Prevention Measures168

二、洪涝的防御措施168

4 Prevention Methods of Coldness in the Late Spring and Frost Injury169

四、倒春寒与霜冻的防御措施169

5 Hail Prevention Methods170

6 Thunderstroke Prevention Measures170

五、冰雹灾害的防御措施170

六、雷击灾害的防御措施170

2 Weather Forcasting and Yunnan Natural Disasters Prevention, Reduction and Relief Activities172

1 Weather Forecasting and Yunnan Political, Economic, Trade and Cultural Activities172

Section 2 Forecasting Prevention and Engineering Reduction of Meteorological Disasters172

二、气象预报与云南防灾减灾、抢险救灾172

第二节 气象预测防灾与工程减灾172

一、气象预报与云南重大政治、经贸、文化活动172

4 Many Meteorological Disasters Reduction Engineering Activities173

3 Forest Fire Dangerous Grades Forecasting and Meteorological Satellite Monitoring for Yunnan Forest Fire173

三、森林防火预报与林火气象卫星监测173

四、多项气象工程减灾行动173

Section 3 Modernization Construction of Meteorological Disasters Prevention and Reduction Systems178

第三节 气象防灾减灾体系的现代化建设178

1 Three- Dimensional Monitoring Network of Disastrous Weather179

一、灾害性天气立体监测网日趋完善179

2 Application of Meteorological Satellite Information Combine Analysis and Process System180

二、气象卫星综合应用系统开始投入业务应用180

三、中小尺度强对流天气的最佳监测手段183

3 Best Monitoring Methods for Micro-Meso Scale Severe Convective Weather183

Section 4 Realization of Disasters Prevention and Reduction Systematic Engineerings184

第四节 防灾减灾系统工程的实施184

1 Disasters Reduction Is A Systematic Engineering185

一、减灾是一项系统工程185

2 Managing System of Yunnan Natural Disasters Reduction186

二、云南减灾的管理体制186

3 Meteorological Disasters Reduction Must Enhance International Cooperation187

三、气象减灾必须加强国际合作187

4 A Brief Introduction of China Natural Disasters Reduction Plan188

四、中国减灾规划概述188

五、21世纪的减灾要靠科技190

5 Natural Disasters Reduction in the 21st Century Rely on Science and Technology Development190

第一节 系统设计192

Chapter Ⅸ Yunnan Meteorological Disasters Service System192

Section 1 System Design192

第九章 云南气象灾害服务系统192

一、研究方法193

1 Research Method193

2 Development Strategy194

3 Concept Design194

4 Logical Design194

四、逻辑设计194

二、开发策略194

三、概念设计194

六、物理部署（集成）195

五、物理设计195

5 Physical Design195

6 Physical Deployment195

第二节 系统的客户/服务器结构196

Section 2 System Client/Server Structure196

1 Data Service Layer196

一、数据服务层196

2 Business Service Layer204

二、业务服务层205

3 Client Application-YNCDAASS.EXE206

三、客户端应用程序——YNCDAASS.EXE206

4 Meteorological Disasters Estimation Sub-Window212

四、气候灾害评估子窗口212

1 Computer Network217

Section 3 System Key Skills217

第三节 系统的关键技术217

一、计算机网络217

2 Relational Data Base Management System218

二、大型关系式数据库218

三、客户/服务器结构219

3 Client/Server Construction219

4 Component Object Mode220

四、COM部件技术220

五、ActiveX数据对象221

5 ActiveX Data Objects221

一、复杂的气候系统223

第一节 全球变暖及其影响223

第十章 云南对全球变暖的响应223

Chapter Ⅹ Yunnan Climate Response to Global Warming223

Section 1 Global Warming and Its Influence223

1 Complex Climate System223

二、人类活动、大气温室气体及气候预测225

2 Human Activities, Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases and Climate Prediction225

3 Global Warming and Occurrencing of Climate Abnormality227

三、全球变暖及所产生的气候异常227

Section 2 Yunnan Climate Variation Features in Recent 20 Years231

1 Interannual Change of Climatic Factors231

第二节 云南近20年的气候变化特征231

一、气候因子的年际变化231

二、冬、夏温度雨量的变化234

2 Temperature and Rainfall Variation in Winter and Summer234

三、近50年来的最暖年236

3 Maximum Warm Year in Recent 50 Years236

第三节 80年代以来云南气象灾害统计分析237

Section 3 Meteorological Disasters Statistic Analysis Since 1980s237

一、资料来源及分类238

二、各类气象灾害的统计238

1 Data Source and Classification238

2 Various Types Meteorological Disasters Statistics238

3 The Statistics Comparison of Meteorological Disasters Impact between 1980s-1990s and 1950s-1970s240

三、与前30年气象灾害影响的统计比较240

第四节 未来的变化与对策242

一、气候的可预报性242

1 Climate Predictability242

Section 4 Climate Variation and Our Countermeasure in the Future242

2 Climate Variation and Meteorological Disasters244

3 Our Measures to Deal With Climate Varation244

二、气候变化与农业气象灾害244

三、我们的对策244

References247

参考文献247