Clinical Hematology Second EditionPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本下载

Clinical Hematology Second EditionPDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

CHAPTER Ⅰ THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELLS OF THE BLOOD IN THE EMBRYO，INFANT AND ADULT29

Blood Formation in the Embryo29

The Blood of the Fetus30

The Interrelationship of the Blood Cells33

The Bone Marrow36

Anatomy36

Physiology38

Methods of Examination40

At Autopsy40

During Life41

Teased Preparations45

Supravital Preparations45

Dry Imprints45

Smears45

Sections of Bone Marrow45

Dangers and Limitations of Sternal Biopsy47

The Normal Bone Marrow47

The Bone Marrow in Disease48

Extramedullary Hematopoiesis49

Bibliography51

CHAPTER Ⅱ THE ERYTHROCYTE Morphology and Normal Values55

Discovery of the Erythrocyte and Early Studies55

Normal Development of the Erythrocyte55

1．Pronormoblast56

2．Basophilic Normoblast56

3．Polychromatic Normoblast56

4．Orthochromatic(Acidophilic)Normoblast57

5．Diffuse Basophilia58

6．Granule Red Corpuscle63

7．Mature Red Corpuscle63

The Megaloblast Series63

The Mature Red Corpuscle65

Structure65

Function of the Erythrocyte66

Red Corpuscles of Various Mammals and Lower Vertebrates66

Elliptical Red Corpuscles68

Abnormal Forms of the Erythrocyte70

Normal Values for Number of Erythrocytes，Quantity of Hemoglobin and Volume of Packed Red Cells72

＂Per cent＂of Hemoglobin72

Physiological Variations74

Normal Values for the Size and Hemoglobin Content of the Red Corpuscle78

Physiological Variations79

The Response to Increased Demands for Hemoglobin and Red Corpuscles80

Role of the Spleen80

Increased Activity of the Hematopoietic System81

Reticulocytosis81

Other Morphological Changes in the Red Corpuscles83

Thrombocytosis and Leukocytosis83

Bibliography83

CHAPTER Ⅲ THE ERYTHROCYTE—(Continued)The Production and the Destruction of the Red Corpuscles88

Chemical Composition of the Red Corpuscle88

The Requirements for Red Cell Production90

Amino Acids and Protein90

Iron91

Iron Metabolism91

Copper94

Cobalt，Nickel，Manganese and Other Minerals96

The B Vitamins97

Pyridoxine97

Riboflavin98

Nicotinic Acid99

＂Folic Acid，＂Lactobacillus casei Factor，Vitamin Be，Vitamin M，Xanthopterin，Vitamins B10，B1199

Extrinsic Factor and Antipernicious Anemia Principle101

Miscellaneous Substances102

Pyrrol-containing Pigments102

＂Secondary Anemia＂Liver Fraction102

Ascorbic Acid102

Thyroid Hormone103

Fate of the Red Corpuscle104

Life Span of the Red Corpuscles104

Extent of Normal Blood Destruction104

Manner of Destruction105

Hemoglobin Catabolism106

Verdohemoglobin107

Mesobilirubinogen108

Stercobilinogen108

The Van den Bergh Reaction109

Coproporphyrins111

Disturbances in Pigment Metabolism and Abnormal Pigments111

Carboxyhemoglobin112

Methemoglobin112

Idiopathic Methemoglobinemia112

Sulfhemoglobin113

Methemalbumin113

＂Enterogenous Cyanosis＂113

＂Inactive＂Hemoglobin113

Porphyrinuria114

Porphyria114

Congenital Porphyria114

Acute Porphyria115

Porphobilinogen116

Evidence of Exaggerated Red Cell Destruction117

Blood，Urine and Stools117

Icterus Index(Meulengracht Test)119

Van den Bergh Test120

Tests for Urobilinogen and Urobilin121

Fluorescence in the Presence of Zinc Salts121

Ehrlich＇s Aldehyde Reaction121

Agglutination and Hemolysis of Red Corpuscles123

Pseudoagglutination123

Isoagglutination123

Cold Hemagglutination123

Hemolysis124

Erythrocyte Fragility Test125

Bibliography127

CHAPTER Ⅳ THE LEUKOCYTES139

Description of the Leukocytes139

The Myeloid Series139

The Myeloblast139

Myelocytes143

Metamyelocytes or＂Juvenile＂Forms144

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils147

Eosinophils147

Basophils(＂Mast＂Leukocytes)147

Macropolycyte148

Pegler＇s Familial Anomaly of the Granulocytes148

Lymphocytic Series148

Lymphoblast149

Plasma Cells150

Monocytic Series150

Monoblast150

Monocyte151

Premonocyte151

Epithelioid Cell154

Macrophage，Clasmatocyte or Histiocyte155

Function and Biologic Properties of the Leukocytes156

Fate of the Leukocytes158

Normal Values for Leukocytes159

Physiological Leukocytosis159

Systems for Differential Counting161

The Technic of the Differential Count163

Normal Values for Different Types of Leukocytes164

Variations of Leukocytes in Disease165

Leukocytosis．Neutrophilia165

Causes of Neutrophilia165

Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Neutrophilia168

Leukopenia169

Causes of Leukopenia170

Leukopenic Index171

Neutropenia Without Leukopenia171

Pathogenesis of Leukopenia171

Eosinophilia172

Basophilic Leukocytosis175

Lymphocytosis175

Plasma Cells177

Monocytosis177

Interpretation and Prognostic Value of the Leukocytic Picture178

Leukemoid Blood Pictures179

Bibliography180

CHAPTER V BLOOD PLATELETS AND COAGULATION187

The Blood Platelet187

Morphology187

Physicial and Chemical Properties188

Origin of Blood Platelets188

Megakaryocytes190

Enumeration of Blood Platelets191

Indirect Methods192

Direct Methods193

Volume Occupied by Platelets194

Normal Values for Platelets194

Variations in Platelets in Disease195

Function of Platelets196

Coagulation197

Theories of Coagulation197

Fibrinogen198

Thrombin198

Prothrombin198

Thromboplastin199

Failure of Circulating Blood to Clot200

Factors Which Accelerate and Those Which Prevent Coagulation200

Classification of Causes of Hemorrhage204

Clinical Methods for the Measurement of Disturbances of Coagulation204

Coagulation Time204

Clotting Time of Recalcified Plasma207

Calcium Time207

Quantitative Determination of Prothrombin207

Retraction Time of Blood Clot209

Estimation of Bleeding Time210

Capillary Fragility Tests211

Significance of Coagulation and Capillary Fragility Tests211

Bibliography212

CHAPTER VI THE BLOOD AS A WHOLE General Physical and Chemical Considerations217

The Total Quantity of Blood217

Methods for Determination217

Normal Values219

Physiological Variations222

Variations in Disease222

The Specific Gravity of Blood222

The Blood Viscosity225

Suspension Stability of the Blood—The Sedimentation Test226

The Nature of the Sedimentation Phenomenon227

Methods229

Normal Values and Physiological Variations233

Variations in Disease233

Bibliography235

CHAPTER Ⅶ THE PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIC OP BLOOD EXAMINATION239

Obtaining the Specimen239

Small Samples239

Collection of Blood From Veins239

Anticoagulants241

Macroscopic Examination of the Blood242

Technic242

Volume of Packed Red Cells242

Reddish-gray Layer of Packed Leukocytes and Platelets244

Color and Opacity of the Blood Plasma246

Cleaning the Hematocrit247

Other Methods for Determining Volume of Packed Red Cells247

Enumeration of Red Corpuscles248

Critique of Method253

Enumeration of White Corpuscles253

Inherent Error in Leukocyte Counting254

Hemoglobinometry254

Direct Color Comparison255

Acid Hematin Methods256

Alkali-Hematin Method257

Carbon Monoxide Methods258

Oxygen Capacity Method258

Iron Content Method258

Other Methods259

Types of Instruments259

Calibration of Instruments260

Measurement of Heme Pigments Other Than Hemoglobin261

The Measurement of the Size and Hemoglobin Content of Red Corpuscles263

Determination of Size of the Red Corpuscles263

Measurement of Cell Diameter263

Measurement of Volume of Red Corpuscle264

Measurement of Corpuscular Thickness265

Estimation of Hemoglobin Content of the Red Corpuscles265

Choice of Methods268

Care and Preparation of Slides and Cover-glasses271

Examination of the Wet Film of Blood271

Darkfield Illumination272

Supravital Staining272

Preparation of Blood Smears273

Cover-glass Technic273

Slide Technic274

Fixation of Smears275

The Staining of Blood Smears276

Choice of Methods for Microscopic Study of Leukocytes280

Bibliography281

CHAPTER Ⅷ ANEMIA：GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND TREATMENT285

Definition of Anemia285

Concept of the＂Erythron＂285

Classification of Anemia286

Morphological Classification287

General Symptomatology of Anemia292

Integumentary System293

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems294

Neuromuscular System295

Gastro-intestinal System296

Genito-urinary System296

Metabolism296

Other Systems296

Treatment of Anemia297

General Considerations297

General Measures299

Diet in Anemia300

Transfusion of Blood302

Method of Blood Typing302

Errors in Blood Typing and Their Prevention305

Indications for Transfusion306

Choice of Methods308

Effects，Good and Bad311

Intra-group Hemolytic Reactions314

Subgroups of A314

M，N and P315

Rh Factors315

＂Universal Donor＂318

Prevention of Transfusion Reactions318

Treatment of Reactions319

Treatment or Eradication of Cause of Anemia320

Administration of Substances Specifically Lacking322

Antipernicious Anemia Principle322

Methods of Testing Potency of Anti-anemic Substances324

Oral Therapy325

Parenteral Therapy325

Dosage327

Involvement of the Central Nervous System328

Effects of Treatment329

Symptoms329

Blood329

Bone Marrow333

Metabolism334

Undesirable Effects335

Maintenance Treatment336

Failure of Liver Therapy337

Iron339

Relative Value of Various Sources of Iron339

Administration of Iron340

Effects of Iron Therapy341

Copper and Other Metals，Various Fractions of Fiver and ？ther＂Accessory＂Substances343

Bibliography344

CHAPTER Ⅸ PERNICIOUS ANEMIA AND R？LATED MACROCYTIC ANEMIAS352

Pernicious Anemia352

Synonyms and Definition352

History352

Etiology353

Geographical Distribution and Race353

Age354

Sex355

Heredity，Family Predisposition355

Personal Factors，Individual Susceptibility355

Association With Other Diseases356

Symptomatology357

Mode of Onset and Initial Symptoms357

Outward Appearance of the Patient358

Body Temperature358

Alimentary System358

Circulatory System360

Genito-urinary System360

Nervous System360

Laboratory Findings362

The Blood362

Erythrocytes362

Leukocytes365

Platelets366

Red Cell Resistance366

Blood Plasma366

Total Blood Volume366

The Bone Marrow366

Gastro-intestinal Secretions368

Urine369

Chemical and Other Evidences of Disturbed Metabolism370

Diagnosis372

Complications375

Treatment375

Prognosis377

Pathology378

Sprue，Idiopathic Steatorrhea and Celiac Disease379

Definition，Synonyms and History379

Etiology380

Geographic Distribution and Climate380

Race380

Age380

Sex380

Heredity．Family Predisposition380

Personal Factors．Individual Susceptibility380

Association With Other Diseases380

Symptomatology380

Mode of Onset380

Comparison of Clinical Picture With That of Pernicious Anemia381

Alimentary System381

Skeletal System383

Nervous System383

Outward Appearance of the Patient384

Laboratory Findings385

The Blood and Bone Marrow385

Gastro-intestinal Secretions and Stool386

Chemical Evidences of Metabolic Abnormalities．Fat Metabolism387

Carbohydrate Metabolism387

Mineral Metabolism388

Diagnosis388

Complications389

Treatment389

Prognosis392

Pathology392

Other Nutritional Macrocytic Anemias392

＂Tropical＂Macrocytic Anemia392

Temperate Zones394

Pellagra394

Macrocytic Anemia Developing During Pregnancy．Pernicious Anemia of Pregnancy395

Macrocytic Anemia in Association With Surgical Procedures or Organic Disease in the Gastro-intestinal Tract397

Carcinoma of the Stomach397

Gastrectomy and Gastro-enterostomy397

Intestinal Strictures and Anastomoses398

Chronic Dysentery．Regional Ileitis．Chronic Pancreatic Disease and Resection of Small Intestine399

Macrocytic Anemia in Disease of the Liver399

Infestation With Fish Tapeworm400

Macrocytic Anemia in Hypothyroidism402

Achrestic Anemia404

Pathogenesis of Pernicious Anemia and Related Forms of Macrocytic Anemia404

Nature of the Liver Factor405

Role of Achylia Gastrica406

Intrinsic Factor407

Extrinsic Factor407

Mode of Development of the Various Forms of Macrocytic Anemia408

Criticism of Hypothesis408

Possible．Role of Toxins411

Fetal Hematopoiesis in Relation to Pernicious Anemia of Pregnancy412

Possible Causes of Achylia Gastrica，Glossitis and Faulty Intestinal Function in Pernicious Anemia，Sprue and Related Disorders414

Etiology of the Neurological Disturbances415

Bibliography415

CHAPTER Ⅹ THE NORMOCYTIC ANEMIAS Acute Post-hemorrhagic，Primary Refractory，Myelophthisic and Simple Chronic Anemias431

General Considerations431

Acute Posthemorrhagic Anemia432

Symptomatology432

Blood Findings433

Diagnosis435

Treatment435

Anemias Characterized Chiefly by Lack of Blood Formation436

Primary Refractory Anemias437

Definition and Synonyms437

Etiology437

Benzol438

Organic Arsenicals439

Gold Compounds and Other Substances439

Exposure to Radioactive Substances440

Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia442

Symptomatology443

Blood Changes444

Bone Marrow444

Diagnosis445

Treatment446

Prognosis446

Pathology447

Pathogenesis447

Simple Chronic Anemia449

Definition449

Etiology449

Renal Disease449

Malignancy449

Parasite Infestation450

Endocrine Disorders450

Vitamin Deficiencies450

Pregnancy450

Climate551

Symptomatology451

Blood Changes451

Bone Marrow452

Diagnosis452

Treatment452

Prognosis452

Pathogenesis452

Myelophthisic Anemia455

Definition and Synonyms455

Etiology455

Symptomatology457

Blood Changes457

Diagnosis458

Treatment461

Prognosis．Pathology461

Pathogenesis462

Bibliography462