计算机网络 系统方法 第4版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本下载

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1　Foundation2

Problem:Building a Network2

1.1 Applications4

1.2 Requirements6

1.2.1 Connectivity7

1.2.2 Cost-Effective Resource Sharing11

1.2.3 Support for Common Services14

1.3 Network Architecture19

1.3.1 Layering and Protocols20

1.3.2 OSI Architecture26

1.3.3 Internet Architecture28

1.4 Implementing Network Software30

1.4.1 Application Programming Interface(Sockets)31

1.4.2 Example Application33

1.4.3 Protocol Implementation Issues37

1.5 Performance40

1.5.1 Bandwidth and Latency40

1.5.2 Delay×Bandwidth Product44

1.5.3 High-Speed Networks46

1.5.4 Application Performanca Needs48

1.6 Summary50

Open Issue:Ubiquitous Networking51

Further Reading52

Exercises55

2 Direct Link Networks64

Problem:Physically Connecting Hosts64

2.1 Hardware Building Blocks66

2.1.1 Nodes66

2.1.2 Links71

2.2 Encoding(NRZ,NRZI,Manchester,4B/5B)79

2.3 Framing84

2.3.1 Byte-Oriented Protocols(PPP)84

2.3.2 Bit-Oriented Protocols(HDLC)87

2.3.3 Clock-Based Framing(SONET)89

2.4 Error Detection92

2.4.1 Two-Dimensional Parity93

2.4.2 Internet Checksum Algorithm94

2.4.3 Cyclic Redundancy Check96

2.5 Reliable Transmission101

2.5.1 Stop-and-Wait102

2.5.2 Sliding Window105

2.5.3 Concurrent Logical Channels115

2.6 Ethernet(802.3)116

2.6.1 Physical Properties116

2.6.2 Access Protocol119

2.6.3 Experience with Ethernet123

2.7 Rings(802.5,FDDI,RPR)124

2.7.1 Token Ring Media Access Control127

2.7.2 Token Ring Maintenance129

2.7.3 FDDI130

2.7.4 Resilient Packet Ring(802.17)131

2.8 Wireless133

2.8.1 Bluetooth(802.15.1)136

2.8.2 Wi-Fi(802.11)137

2.8.3 WiMAX(802.16)143

2.8.4 Cell Phone Technologies145

2.9 Summary147

Open Issue:Sensor Networks148

Further Reading149

Exercises151

3 Packet Switching166

Problem:Not All Networks Are Directly Connected166

3.1 Switching and Forwarding168

3.1.1 Datagrams170

3.1.2 Virtual Circuit Switching172

3.1.3 Source Routing179

3.2 Bridges and LAN Switches183

3.2.1 Learning Bridges184

3.2.2 Spanning Tree Algorithm187

3.2.3 Broadcast and Multicast192

3.2.4 Limitations of Bridges193

3.3 Cell Switching(ATM)195

3.3.1 Cells195

3.3.2 Segmentation and Reassembly200

3.3.3 Virtual Paths205

3.3.4 Physical Layers for ATM206

3.4 Implementation and Performance208

3.4.1 Ports210

3.4.2 Febrics214

3.5 Summary218

Open Issue:The Future of Switching219

Further Reading219

Exercises221

4 Internetworking232

Problem:There Is More Than One Network232

4.1 Simple Internetworking(IP)234

4.1.1 What Is an Internetwork?234

4.1.2 Service Model236

4.1.3 Global Addresses248

4.1.4 Datagram Forwarding in IP250

4.1.5 Address Translation(ARP)254

4.1.6 Host Configuration(DHCP)259

4.1.7 Error Reporting(ICMP)262

4.1.8 Virtual Networks and Tunnels262

4.2 Routing266

4.2.1 Network as a Graph268

4.2.2 Distance Vector(RIP)269

4.2.3 Link State(OSPF)277

4.2.4 Metrics286

4.2.5 Routing for Mobile Hosts289

4.2.6 Router Implementation294

4.3 Global Internet297

4.3.1 Subnetting299

4.3.2 Classless Routing(CIDR)303

4.3.3 Interdomain Routing(BGP)306

4.3.4 Routing Areas316

4.3.5 IP Version 6(IPv6)318

4.4 Multicast329

4.4.1 Multicast Addresses331

4.4.2 Multicast Routing(DVMRP,PIM,MSDP)332

4.5 Multiprotocol Label Switching343

4.5.1 Destination-Based Forwarding344

4.5.2 Explicit Routing350

4.5.3 Virtual Private Networks and Tunnels352

4.6 Summary356

Open Issue:Deployment of IPv6358

Further Reading359

Exercises360

5 End-to-End Protocols380

Problem:Getting Processes to Communicate380

5.1 Simple Demultiplexer(UDP)382

5.2 Reliable Byte Stream(TCP)384

5.2.1 End-to-End Issuaa385

5.2.2 Segment Format387

5.2.3 Connection Establishment and Termination390

5.2.4 Sliding Window Revisited394

5.2.5 Triggering Transmission400

5.2.6 Adaptive Retransmission403

5.2.7 Record Boundaries407

5.2.8 TCP Extensions408

5.2.9 Alternative Design Choices410

5.3 Remote Procedure Call411

5.3.1 RPC Fundamentals412

5.3.2 RPC Implementations(SunRPC,DCE)419

5.4 Transport for Real-Time Applications(RTP)426

5.4.1 Requirements428

5.4.2 RTP Details429

5.4.3 Control Protocol433

5.5 Performance437

5.6 Summary440

Open Issue:Application-Specific Protocols441

Further Reading442

Exercises443

6 Congestion Control and Resource AllocationProblem:Allocating Resources456

6.1 Issues in Resource Allocation458

6.1.1 Network Model458

6.1.2 Taxonomy462

6.1.3 Evaluation Criteria464

6.2 Queuing Disciplines467

6.2.1 FIFO468

6.2.2 Fair Oueuing469

6.3 TCP Congestion Control474

6.3.1 Additive Increase/Multiplicative Decrease474

6.3.2 Slow Start477

6.3.3 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery483

6.4 Congestion-Avoidance Mechanisms486

6.4.1 DECbit486

6.4.2 Random Early Detection(RED)487

6.4.3 Source-Based Congestion Avoidance493

6.5 Quality of Service499

6.5.1 Application Requirements500

6.5.2 Integrated Services(RSVP)506

6.5.3 Differentiated Services (EF,AF)516

6.5.4 Equation-Based Congestion Control522

6.6 Summary524

Open Issue:Inside versus Outside the Network525

Further Reading526

Exercises527

7 End-to-End Data542

Problem:What Do We Do with the Data?542

7.1 Presentation Formatting544

7.1.1 Taxonomy545

7.1.2 Examples(XDR,ASN.1,NDR)549

7.1.3 Markup Languages(XML)553

7.2 Data Compression557

7.2.1 Lossless Compression Algorithms559

7.2.2 Image Compression(JPEG)561

7.2.3 Video Compression(MPEG)566

7.2.4 Transmitting MPEG over a Network571

7.2.5 Audio Compression(MP3)575

7.3 Summary576

Open Issue:Computer Networks Meet Consumer Electronics577

Further Reading578

Exercises579

8 Network Security586

Problem:Security Attacks586

8.1 Cryptographic Tools589

8.1.1 Principles of Ciphers589

8.1.2 Symmetric-Key Ciphers591

8.1.3 Public-Key Ciphers593

8.1.4 Authenticators595

8.2 Key Predistribution599

8.2.1 Predistribution of Public Keys599

8.2.2 Predistribution of Symmetric Keys604

8.3 Authentication Protocols604

8.3.1 Originality and Timeliness Techniques605

8.3.2 Public-Key Authentication Protocols606

8.3.3 Symmetric-Key Authentication Protocols607

8.3.4 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement611

8.4 Secure Systems613

8.4.1 Pretty Good Privacy(PGP)613

8.4.2 Secure Shell(SSH)615

8.4.3 Transport Layer Security(TLS,SSL,HTTPS)618

8.4.4 IP Security (IPsec)622

8.4.5 Wireless Security(802.11i)625

8.5 Firewalls626

8.5.1 Strengths and Weaknesses of Firewalls629

8.6 Summary631

Open Issue:Denial-of-Service Attacks632

Further Reading633

Exercises634

9 Applications640

Problem:Applications Need Their Own Protocols640

9.1 Traditional Applications642

9.1.1 Electronic Mail(SMTP,MIME,IMAP)643

9.1.2 World Wide Web(HTTP)650

9.1.3 Name Service(DNS)657

9.1.4 Network Management(SNMP)666

9.2 Web Services668

9.2.1 Custom Application Protocols(WSDL,SOAP)670

9.2.2 A Generic Application Protocol(REST)676

9.3 Multimedia Applications678

9.3.1 Session Control and Call Control(SDP,SIP,H.323)679

9.3.2 Resource Allocation for Multimedia Applications688

9.4 Overlay Networks693

9.4.1 Routing Overlays695

9.4.2 Peer-to-Peer Networks(Gnutella,BitTorrent)702

9.4.3 Content Distribution Networks714

9.5 Summary719

Open Issue:New Network Architecture720

Further Reading721

Exercises722

Solutions to Select Exercises729

Glossary743

Bibliography769

Index785