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1.The purposes of linguistic analysis1

1.1 Starting-points1

1.1.1 Goingin through form2

1.1.2 Going in through meaning6

1.2 Language,context and function:a preliminary exploration10

Exercise11

2.Identifying clauses and clause constituents13

2.1 Breaking up the sentence and labelling the parts13

2.1.1 Recognising constituents13

2.1.2 Structural and functional labels17

2.2 Ranks20

Exercise24

3.An overview of Functional Grammar26

3.1 Three kinds of meaning26

3.1.1 The three metafunctions28

3.1.2 Three kinds of function in the clause30

3.1.3 Three kinds of structure in the clause32

3.1.4 Bringing it all together33

3.1.5 A fourth metafunction35

3.2 Register and genre35

4.Interaction in the clause:the interpersonal metafunction38

4.1 Introduction38

4.2 Roles of addressers and audience39

4.3 Mood41

4.3.1 The structure of the Mood41

4.3.2 Identifying Subject and Finite42

4.3.3 Meanings of Subject and Finite44

4.3.4 Mood in non-declarative clauses46

4.3.5 The Residue50

4.3.6 Modal Adjuncts52

4.4.1 Modality and polarity56

4.4 Modality56

4.4.2 Types of modality57

4.4.3 Modal commitment59

4.4.4 Modal responsibility60

4.4.5 Modality in text63

4.5 Evaluation65

4.6 Interaction and negotiation67

4.7 Interaction in text70

Exercises73

5.Representing the world:the experiential metafunction76

5.1 Introduction76

5.2 Transitivity78

5.2.1 Material processes79

5.2.2 Mental processes82

5.2.3 Relational processes86

5.2.4 Other types of process96

5.2.5 Other participant roles102

5.2.6 Circumstances104

5.2.7 Transitivity in text107

5.3 Ergativity112

Exercises115

6.Organising the message:the textual metafunction:Theme117

6.1 Introduction117

6.2 Theme118

6.3 Identifying Theme119

6.3.1 Theme in declarative clauses119

6.3.2 Theme in non-declarative clauses122

6.4 Thematising structures125

6.4.1 Thematic equatives125

6.4.2 Predicated Theme127

6.4.3 Thematised comment129

6.4.5 Passive clauses and Theme130

6.4.4 Preposed Theme130

6.5 Theme in clause complexes131

6.6 Multiple Theme133

6.6.1 Conjunctions in Theme134

6.6.2 Conjunctive and modal Adjuncts in Theme134

6.6.3 Textual,interpersonal and experiential elements in Theme136

6.6.4 Interrogatives as multiple Themes137

6.7 Some problems in Theme analysis138

6.7.1 Existential'there'as Theme138

6.7.2 Theme in reported clauses139

6.7.3 Interpolations in Theme139

6.7.4 Preposed attributives140

6.8 Theme in text141

Exercises144

7.1 Cohesion and coherence147

7.Organising the message:the textual metafunction:cohesion147

7.2 Reference and ellipsis148

7.2.1 Reference148

7.2.2 Ellipsis152

7.3 Conjunction156

7.4 Cohesion in text158

Exercise161

8.Grammatical metaphor163

8.1 Introduction163

8.2 Experiential and logical metaphors166

8.3 Interpersonal metaphors172

8.4 Textual metaphor176

8.5 A cautionary note176

Exercises177

9.1.1 Nominal groups179

9.Groups and phrases179

9.1 Groups179

9.1.2 Verbal groups185

9.1.3 Other types of group188

9.2 Prepositional phrases189

9.3 Group complexes190

Exercises192

10.Clauses in combination194

10.1 Units of analysis194

10.2 Types of relations between clauses196

10.2.1 Logical dependency relations196

10.2.2 Logico-semantic relations200

10.3 Expansion201

10.3.1 Elaborating201

10.3.2 Extending203

10.3.3 Enhancing204

10.4 Projection206

10.4.1 Quotes and reports206

10.4.2 Facts209

10.4.3 Projection in text210

Exercises211

11.Implications and applications of Functional Grammar214

11.1 Three-dimensional analysis of texts214

11.2 A summary review of Functional Grammar220

11.3 Using Functional Grammar222

11.4 Closing224

Answers to exercises225

Further Reading250

References254

Index257

文库索引263