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Part One Introduction and Background to Intercultural Communication1

Introduction and Background to Intercultural Communication1

Part One1

Preface1

1 Overview to Intercultural Communication2

Objectives2

Chapter 1 Overview to Intercultural Communication2

Defining Intercultural Communication3

Chapter5

Presuppositions and Theory: The Genesis of Intercultural Encounters5

A Model of Intercultural Communication6

The Causes of Perceived Difference8

Perceived Cultural Differences and the Drive for Certainty9

Forming an Adaptive Third Culture C9

Moving Toward Intercultural Effectiveness11

Contexts for Intercultural Communication12

Developing Skills in Preparing for Intercultural Communication15

Organization of the Text15

This Chapter in Perspective16

Endnotes16

Exercises16

Chapter 2 Exploring Fundamental Axioms of Intercultural Communication19

Objectives19

2 Exploring Fundamental Axioms of Intercultural Communication19

Axioms Associated with Intercultural Communication20

Intercultural Communication Assumes Perceived Cultural Difference20

Intercultural Communication Relates to Content and Relationship21

Communication Style Affects First Impressions22

Intercultural Communication Involves Uncertainty Reduction23

Culture and Communication Are Inseparable25

The Origins of Contemporary Intercultural Communication26

Interaction with International Diversity26

Intercultural Effectiveness Is the Goal of Intercultural Communication26

Interaction with Multicultural Diversity27

Increasing an Academic Culture of Intercultural Communication28

Developing Skills in Understanding Intercultural Communication Axioms29

This Chapter in Perspective30

Endnotes30

Exercises30

Part Two33

Perceiving the Nature of Cultural and Social Diversity33

Part Two Perceiving the Nature of Cultural and Social Diversity33

Chapter 3 Elements of Cultural Systems34

Objectives34

3 Elements of Cultural Systems34

Defining Culture and Its Influence on Communication36

Elements of Culture37

The Inner Core of Culture38

Cultural Activities41

Communication Patterns45

Cultural Rules and Customs48

Institutions Within Cultures49

Economic Institutions49

Family as Institution50

Political Institutions51

Health Institutions51

Educational Institutions52

Religious Institutions53

Theories of Cultural Development and Change53

Cultural Borrowing and Innovation Acceptance53

Cultural Crisis54

Ecological Change54

Functionalism56

Developing Intercultural Skills in Knowledge of Culture's Workings56

Dominant Theme Analysis56

This Chapter in Perspective58

Exercises58

Endnotes58

Chapter 4 Cultural Diversity Within Culture: Microcultures and Intercultural Communlcation60

Objectives60

4 Cultural Diversity Within Culture: Microcultures and Intercultural Communication60

Understanding Social Perception and Its Influence on Intercultural Communication62

Explaining Social Perception Through Social Categorization and the In-group/Out-group Model62

Explaining the Consequences of Social Perception with the Social Response Model63

Explaining Social Perception with the Social Attitudes Model66

Discovering Microcultures and Cultural Diversity that Influence Communication69

Ethnic and Racial Cultures69

Intercultural Marriage as Microculture70

Microcultures of Chosen Identity and Group Membership72

Regional and Residential Microcultures73

Social Class Cultures76

Poverty Culture77

Countercultural Microcultures79

Organizational Cultures as Microcultures79

Developing Intercultural Skills in Interacting with Microcultures81

This Chapter in Perspective82

Exercises82

Endnotes83

Underlying Dimensions of Culture86

Objectives86

5 Underlying Dimensions of Culture86

Monochronic and Polychronic Cultures87

Monochronic Culture87

Polychronic Culture88

High- and Low-Context Cultures89

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions92

Individualism-Collectivism92

Masculine-Feminine Cultures93

Power-Distance94

Uncertainty Avoidance94

World View and Intercultural Communication95

Elements of Cultural World View95

Personal World View Influencing Communication101

Values and Intercultural Communication102

Values Associated with Family105

Values and Interpersonal Relationships106

Values Associated with Society108

Values Concerning Land and Animals110

This Chapter in Perspective113

Developing Skills in Encountering Underlying Dimensions of Culture113

Exercises114

Endnotes114

Part Three Understanding Intercultural Language and Nonverbal Communication117

Part Three Understanding Intercultural Language and Nonverbal Communication117

Chapter 6 Linguistic Diversity and Intercultural Communication118

Objectives118

6 Linguistic Diversity and Intercultural Communication118

Differences Experienced Because of Language119

Language and Its Influence on Perception119

The Code Switching of Language Based on Differences in In-group or Out-group Cultures121

Language and Meaning123

How the Sound of Linguistic Differences Affects Relationship Attitudes and Actions124

How Language Represents More than Sound, Syntax,and Semantics126

Relating to Language Differences127

Developing Skills with Linguistic Diversity128

Verbal Style and the Culture of Language128

This Chapter in Perspective129

Exercises130

Endnotes131

Objectives133

Chapter 7 Intercultural Communication and Nonverbal Messages133

7 Intercultural Communication and Nonverbal Messages133

Significance of Nonverbal Communication134

Overview to Nonverbal Intercultural Communication134

Definition and Functioning of Nonverbal Communication135

Kinesics: Body Language135

Gestures137

Posture138

Kinesics Regulating Conversation139

Oculesics139

Greetings140

Facial Expressions140

Proxemics: The Use of Space142

Fixed Features of Space142

Semifixed Features of Space143

Personal Space144

Chronemics: Our Use of Time146

Sensorics147

Haptics: Touching Behavior148

Paralanguage148

The Meaning of Nonverbal Communication in Culture150

Developing Intercultural Skills for Nonverbal Communication150

This Chapter in Perspective151

Exercises152

Endnotes152

Part Four Cultural Adaptation and Communication Effectiveness:Applying Intercultural Competencies155

Part Four Cultural Adaptation and Communication Effectiveness: Applying Intercultural Competencies155

Chapter 8 Adapting to Culture156

Objectives156

8 Adapting to Culture156

The Early Adaptation Experience: Culture Shock157

Predeparture Stage159

Stage One: Everything Is Beautiful159

Stage Two: Everything Is Awful160

Stage Three: Everything Is OK161

Long-Term Cultural Adaptation162

Growth and Adaptation162

Factors Contributing to Long-Term Adaptation163

Adaptation and Reentry167

Developing Skills in Intercultural Communication and Adaptation to a New Culture168

This Chapter in Perspective169

Exercises170

Endnotes170

9 Intercultural Communication Competencies Associated with Intercultural Effectiveness172

Chapter 9 Intercultural Communication Competencies Associated with Intercultural Effectiveness172

Objectives172

What Is Intercultural Effectiveness?173

Intercultural Competency Factors Associated with Intercultural Effectiveness174

Cognitive Style Variables174

Communication Behaviors178

Situational and Systems Factors Related to Competency179

Selection for Intercultural Effectiveness180

Developing Skills in Intercultural Effectiveness183

This Chapter in Perspective183

Exercises184

Endnotes184

Chapter 10 Intercultural Communication and Conflict187

Objectives187

10 Intercultural Communication and Conflict187

Missed Interpersonal Expectations as Source of Intercultural Communication Conflict188

Self-disclosure and Openness in Communication189

Hierarchical Communication190

Formality in Relationships and Communication191

Communication in the Workplace192

Acceptance and Empathetic Communication193

Communication Avoidance193

Using Communication to Manage Intercultural Conflict194

Using Communication to Reduce Disagreement in Conflict194

Using Leadership Style and Communication to Manage Conflict195

Applying Metaphors to Prevent Intercultural Conflict198

Applying Systems to Proactively Preventing Conflict198

Interfacing with Cultural Values: The Workplace as a Case Extension of Cultural Values199

Practicing Relational Empathy202

Developing Skills in Reducing Conflict204

This Chapter in Perspective205

Exercises205

Endnotes205

Part Five Sources of Social Influence on Intercultural Communication207

Part Five Sources of Social Influence on Intercultural Communication207

Chapter 11 Social Influence of Network Cultures and Information Flow208

Objectives208

11 Social Influence of Network Cultures and Information Flow208

Dimensions of Homophily209

The Homophily Principle: The Influence of Communicator Similarity in Network Cultures209

The Homophily Principle and Intercultural Communication211

Measuring Homophily215

Intercultural Credibility and Network Cultures215

Intercultural Competence215

Intercultural Trust218

Intercultural Similarity218

Intercultural Charisma219

Intercultural Dynamism221

The Effects of Intercultural Credibility221

Opinion Leadership and Network Cultures222

Opinion Leaders as Information Roles in Network Cultures222

Communication Characteristics of Opinion Leaders224

Measuring Opinion Leadership227

Interpersonal Relationships and Information Roles as Sources in Network Cultures228

Developing Intercultural Skills Concerning Network Cultures230

This Chapter in Perspective232

Exercises233

Endnotes234

Chapter 12 Media as a Source of Influence on Intercultural Communication236

Objectives236

12 Media as a Source of Influence on Intercultural Communication236

Media and Persuasion237

Media as a Shaper of Cultural Thought Processes240

Media and Cultural Learning242

Media as the Creator of Consumer and Entertainment Needs243

Media and Ethnic Identification243

Developing Skills in Understanding Media and Culture244

Media and International Communication244

This Chapter in Perspective245

Exercises245

Endnotes246

13 Intercultural Communication, Innovation, and Creating Planned Change248

Objectives248

Chapter 13 Intercultural Communication, Innovation, and Creating Planned Change248

How Diffusion and Innovation Studies Emerged249

Components of Diffusion and Innovation Processes249

Decision Making and Choice About Innovations251

Communication Characteristics of Innovative and Less Innovative People252

Factors Associated with Individual Innovativeness and Change in a Culture253

Innovativeness Within Groups and Cultures Leading to Change255

Discovering the Need for Change256

Factors Associated with Organizational Innovativeness256

Strategies for Group Innovation and Change257

Developing Skills in Planning for Innovation and Cultural Change259

This Chapter in Perspective261

Exercises261

Endnotes262

Appendix Self-Report Assessment Applied to Intercultural Communication264

Self-Report Assessment Applied to Intercultural Communication264

Appendix264

Glossary273

Glossary273

Name Index283

Index283

Subject Index286