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PARTⅠ OIL SHALE1

Chapter 1 Resources and Occurrence1

Section 1 Major Oil Shale Mining Areas1

Section 2 Other Areas3

Chapter 2 Formation of Oil Shale6

Section 1 Process of Oil Shale Formation6

Section 2 Age of Formation12

Section 3 Geographical Environment13

REFERENCES16

Section 1 Organic Matter in Oil Shale18

Chapter 3 Composition and Properties of Oil Shale18

Section 2 Mineral Matter in Oil Shale24

Section 3 Physical Properties of Oil Shale26

Section 4 Evaluation and Analysis of Oil Shale30

Section 5 Oxidation of Oil Shale35

REFERENCES36

Chapter 4 Mining and Transport of Oil Shale37

PARTⅡ OIL SHALE RETORTING41

Chapter 1 Pre-treatment of Raw Shale41

Section 1 Flow Scheme of Raw Shale Pre-treatment41

Section 2 Crushing and Screening Equipment44

Section 3 Transport and Storage of Raw Shale45

Chapter 2 An Outline of Oil Shale Pyrolysis46

Section 1 General Processes and Mechanism of Pyrolysis46

Section 2 Effect of Heating Conditions on Oil Shale Pyrolysis48

Section 3 Gasification Performance of Retorted Shale63

Section 4 Formation of Ammonia in Oil Shale Retorting67

REFERENCES70

Chapter 3 Fushun-type Retort71

Section 1 Development of Fushun-type Retort71

Section 1 Principles and Process Description74

Section 3 Structure of Fushun -type Retort79

Scetion 4 Operation Control83

Section 5 Characteristics of Fushun-type Retort85

Section 6 Improvement of Fushun-type Retort86

Section 7 Maoming Cylindrical Retort94

REFERENCES100

Chapter 4 Rectangular Gas Combustion Retort101

Section 1 Principles, Structure and Flow Scheme101

Section 2 Operetion of Rectangular Gas Combustion Retort105

Chapter 5 Other Types of Retorts109

Section 1 Fluid Bed Pyrolysis Test of Shale Fines109

Section 2 Pyrolysis Test of Particulate Shale in Jalousie-type Retort110

REFERENCES112

Section 3 Pyrolysis of Shale Fines by Solid Heat Carrier112

Chapter 6 Condensation and Recovery of Pyrolysis Products113

Section 1 Flow Scheme of Condensation and Recovery113

Section 2 Condensation and Recovery Equipment121

Section 3 Ammonia Recovery126

Section 4 Recovery of Gas Naphtha129

Section 5 Recovery of Hydrogen Sulfide and Pyridine Bases130

PART Ⅲ PROCESSING OF SHALE OIL131

Chapter 1 Composition and Properties of Shale Oil131

Section 1 Properties and Evaluation of Shale Oil131

Section 2 Composition of Shale Oil139

Section 3 Physico-chemical Properties of Shale Oil149

REFERENCES167

Chapter 2 Shale Oil Processs Scheme168

Section 1 Process Schemes of Shale Oil Refining168

Section 2 Experimental Process Schemes171

Section 3 Some Comments On Shale Oil Processing173

REFERENCES174

Chapter 3 Processing and Treating of Shale Oil175

Section 1 Distillation175

Section 2 Dewaxing and Wax Manufacturing179

Section 3 Destructive Thermal Processing184

Section 4 Synthetic Lubricating Oil from Light Oil188

Section 5 Acid-Alkali Treatment of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel190

REFERENCES192

Chapter 4 Hydrorefining of Shale Oil193

Section 1 Two-Stage Hydrorefining of Light Gas Oil No.1194

Section 2 Single-Stage Hydrorefining of Light Gas Oil No.1198

Section 3 Hydrorefining of Light Gas Oil No.2211

Section 4 Hydrorefining of Gas Naphta216

Section 5 Hydrorefining of Thermally Cracked Light Gas Oil217

REFERENCES220

Chapter 1 Comprehensive Utilization221

Section 1 Burning of Oil Shale for Steam Generation221

PART Ⅳ COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION，ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION，AND OUTLOOK221

Section 2 Utilization of Shale Ash228

Section 3 Extraction and Utilization of Chemicals from Shale Oil234

REFERENCES235

Chapter 2 Environmental Protection237

Section 1 Waste Water Treatment237

Section 2 Disposal of Oil Sludge245

Section 3 Noise and Dust Control245

REFERENCES247

Chapter 3 Economics and Outlook of Shale Oil Industry248

Section 1 Economics of Shale Oil Industry248

Section 2 Outlook of Shale Oil Industry254