PRACTICAL FORENSIC DIGITAL IMAGING APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUESPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本下载

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1 Documentation1

Digital Imaging1

Forensic Digital Imaging1

2 The Transition from 35-mm Film to Digital Imaging11

Introduction11

4×5 Sheet Film Cameras12

The 120 Roll Film Cameras13

The 35-mm SLR13

Other Camera Types15

The Snapshot Camera15

The Polaroid Camera16

The Disposable or Single-Use Camera17

Film18

Proper Evidentiary Handling and Storage of Film19

3 Digital Camera Hardware21

The Digital Point-and-Shoot Camera21

The Digital Camera Body21

The Menu21

Image Numbering21

The Lenses22

Aperture26

Focusing the SLR Camera26

Aperture Preview26

Shutter27

Exposure28

Remote Shutter Release30

Resolution31

ASA, DIN, and ISO32

Hyperfocal Distance32

4 Digital Imaging33

Introduction33

Money33

Protection34

Cases34

Camera Strap35

The Ultraviolet Filter36

The Camera37

Flash or Strobe37

Automatic versus Manual40

Settings42

Shutter42

Slave43

The "Normal" Lens44

The Telephoto Lens44

The Wide-Angle Lens45

The Macro Lens45

Lighting with the Macro Lens46

Using the Flash on Your Camera50

The On-and-Off Switch50

Turn the Camera Upside Down50

List Photo Images52

The 90-Degree Rule53

Perspective Images55

The Scale55

Exculpatory Evidence58

Extreme Conditions58

18 7.01965E-318ray Card60

5 Light61

Introduction61

Ambient Light61

Color Temperature62

Color Rendering Index63

Flash/Strobe64

Direct Flash65

Indirect Flash66

Fill Light67

Subtractive Light67

Additive Light67

Ambient or Available Light68

Painting with Light68

Ring Light70

Diffusing Your On-Camera Flash with Tissue70

Other Lighting Equipment70

Snoot73

Barn Doors73

Umbrella74

6 Filters75

Introduction75

Polarizing Filter75

Band-Pass and Band-Block Filters77

Filter Factors77

Color-Compensating Filters77

Kodak Light-Balancing Filters78

Conversion Filters for Color Films78

Stacking Filters78

Neutral-Density Filters78

Infrared and Ultraviolet Filters81

7 Macro/Micro Imaging83

Introduction83

Photo Image Evidence at 90 Degrees to the Object83

Bench Imaging85

Backgrounds85

Handguns86

The Scale88

Studio in a Box90

The Light Box92

Rope Caulk94

Helping Hands95

The Tripod96

8 Law101

The Lay Witness101

The Professional Witness101

The Expert Witness101

The Nature of Law101

Miranda Warnings104

Types of Witnesses105

The Lay Witness105

The Professional Witness106

The Expert Witness107

Qualifying an Expert Witness114

General114

Practice114

Certification114

Membership in Forensic Organizations115

Studies and Continuing Education115

Teaching of Forensic Science115

Lectures115

Publications115

Research115

Court Experience115

Reports115

Changes116

Daubert117

Frye118

9 Enhancement of Images123

Introduction123

Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology123

History123

The Mission Statement of SWGIT123

Admissibility of Digital Images124

"Doctored" Images124

Cover Letter, Richard W. Vorder Bruegge, Former SWGIT Chair125

Photo Image Enhancement Log128

Photoshop128

ACDSee Pro128

Enhancing a Latent Fingerprint128

Latent Lift130

Bare Footprint Developed with Ninhydrin131

10 Footwear and Tire Impressions137

Introduction137

Casting137

Equipment137

Footwear138

Tire Impressions143

11 Digital Panoramic Camera Scanning147

Scene Scanning147

The System147

Photogrammetry147

The Scene149

Panorama Imaging: Ultraviolet/Infrared152

Surveillance152

Preventive Measures155

12 Death Investigation159

Introduction159

The Coroner or Medical Examiner159

Official Photos of the Scene159

The Scene161

Overall or Establishing Photos162

Perspective Photos162

Unexpected Objects and Evidence163

Types of Images Taken during a Death Investigation163

Cases164

13 Morgue Photo Imaging185

Introduction185

At the Scene185

Universal Precautions185

At the Morgue187

Sequencing187

Lighting191

The Body191

ID Photo Image192

Scales193

Hands194

Wounds200

Lividity206

Scars, Marks, and Tattoos206

Fingerprints207

Clothing211

14 Taphonomic and Entomological Imaging215

Introduction215

The Scene215

The Body215

Insects216

Maggot Mass and Maggot Migration221

Containers222

Vehicles226

Water Recovery227

Bones228

The Autopsy228

15 Auto Processing231

Introduction231

Exterior231

Interior234

Compartments and Hidey-Holes242

Trunk and Engine245

16 Fingerprints249

Latent Prints249

General Rules249

Fingerprints on Glass250

Fingerprints on Curved Glass251

Feathers254

Prints on Pills and Capsules255

Prints on Stainless Steel258

Prints on Toilet Seats258

17 Burglary261

Introduction261

Exterior261

Interior261

Alarm261

Locks264

Items of Interest267

18 Storage of Digital Media271

The Media271

Storage271

19 Fire and Arson Scene275

Introduction275

The Scene275

Lighting275

Flash277

Marking Areas278

Point of Origin282

Artifacts282

Crowd283

Digital Imaging285

20 Sex Offenses287

Introduction287

Dispatch287

The Scene287

Victim at the Morgue288

Victim at the Hospital288

Meeting the Victim289

Photo Imaging the Victim290

Injuries290

Bruising291

Clothing294

Children295

21 Trace Evidence and Microscopy297

Introduction297

Images through a Microscope297

Microscope Camera297

The Nikon Microphot297

Modification300

22 Blood303

Introduction303

Luminol306

Blowback: Blood in Gun Barrel307

23 Ultraviolet and Infrared Imaging313

Introduction313

UV Light Sources313

Body Fluids314

Insects315

Tattoos316

Infrared Light316

Fuji IS Pro UVIR Camera317

Filters for Use with the Fuji IS Pro Camera322

Other Considerations324

24 Digital Photo Imaging Microscope325

VHX-1000 and Forensic Inspection325

Handheld Integration325

Lenses326

Multiangle Stand330

High-Resolution Imaging330

High Dynamic Range332

Documentation and Measurement Tools334

3D Composition and Measurement336

25 SWGIT339

Introduction339

Disclaimer341

Bibliography343

Appendix A: Glossary345

Appendix B: Photo I.D. Card357

Index359