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PART Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION3

1. Historical Evolution3

1. General3

2. Early History3

3. Extraterritoriality7

4. Modern Developments17

5. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations23

2. Definitions28

1. Consular Officers28

2. Members of Family31

3. Classification34

1. General34

2. Classification of Consuls by Rank34

3. Classification of Consular Posts and Districts36

4. Classification of Consular Sections of Diplomatic Missions37

5. Consular Agents38

6. Consular Employees39

PART Ⅱ. CONSULAR RELATIONS IN GENERAL45

4. Consular Relations and Consular Posts45

1. General45

2. Consular Relations between Commonwealth Countries46

3. Criteria for Establishing Consular Posts47

4. The Principle of Parity51

5. Size of the Staff57

6. Where Sending State is also Receiving State59

7. Consuls for more than One Country60

8. Absence of Diplomatic Relations72

9. Non-Recognition75

10. Consular Status in Third States80

11. Respect for Local Laws and Non-interference82

5. Acquisition of Consular Status87

1. General87

2. Soviet Practice90

3. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations91

6. Termination of Consular Status93

1. General93

2. Notification of Termination by the Sending State94

3. Withdrawal of Consent95

4. Death of Consuls102

5. Extinction of State102

6. Unrecognized Government104

7. War, Severance of Diplomatic or Consular Relations, and Closing of Consular Posts111

8. Termination of Consular Status and Termination of Consular Privileges and Immunities111

PART Ⅲ. CONSULAR FUNCTIONS115

7. Consular Functions115

1. General115

2. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations116

3. The European Convention on Consular Functions120

4. Consular Training121

8. Protection of Nationals124

1. General124

2. Standards for Consular Protection129

3. Communication and Contact with Nationals133

4. Espionage and Security Cases151

5. Dual Nationality154

6. Arrested Nationals: United States Consular Instructions163

7. Prisoner Exchange173

8. Group Protection180

9. Death184

9. Promotion and Protection of Trade189

1. General189

2. Trade Reports193

3. Trade Enquiries and Promotion194

4. Trade Protection195

5. Documentation197

10. Passport and Visa200

1. Passport200

2. Types of Passport203

3. Visa205

4. Types of Visa207

5. Reviewability of Visa Denials222

6. Revocability of Visa223

7. Simplification of Travel Formalities224

8. Travel Documents of Unrecognized Regimes228

11. Notarial and Registration Services231

1. Notarial231

2. Unrecognized Regimes235

3. Proof of Nationality236

4. Registration238

5. Adoption and Declaration of Illegitimacy243

6. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and Other Treaties244

12. Marriage and Divorce248

1. Marriage of Nationals248

2. Divorce of Nationals256

3. Marriage and Divorce of Consuls259

13. Estate Functions262

1. General262

2. Basis for Consular Intervention264

3. Intervention in the Absence of Treaties265

4. Intervention under Treaties267

5. National Laws and Regulations275

6. Impossibility of Remittance279

7. The Vienna and European Conventions281

8. Summary of Conclusions281

14. Extradition and Civil Procedure283

1. General283

2. Extradition284

3. Service of Process287

4. Depositions290

5. Court Proceedings or Records293

15. Informational, Cultural, Scientific, and Tourist Functions295

1. Pre-Vienna Developments295

2. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations298

3. Scientific299

4. Touristic300

16. Shipping303

1. General303

2. Ships' Papers307

3. Inspection of Vessels309

4. Wrecked, Lost, or Stranded Vessels311

5. Assistance and Protection of Seamen315

6. Desertion322

7. Settlement of Disputes330

8. Criminal Cases333

9. Civil Cases340

10. Shipping Inquiries342

11. Other Functions343

17. Civil Aviation344

18. Child Abduction347

19. Refugees352

1. General352

2. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations353

3. The European Convention on Consular Functions357

4. High Commissioner for Refugees359

5. Consular Processing of Refugee Applications360

6. ODP Consuls: Consuls without a Consulate362

7. Compensation to Refugees363

20. Protection of Other Non-Nationals366

1. General366

2. Stateless Persons366

3. Permanent Residents367

4. Nationals of Designated Third States368

5. Persons of Humanitarian Concern (Including Nationals of the Receiving State)368

PART Ⅳ. PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES373

21. Privileges and Immunities375

1. Distinction between 'Privilege' and 'Immunity'375

2. The Bases for Privileges and Immunities375

22. Facilities377

23. Inviolability of Consular Premises386

1. General386

2. The Kasenkina Case388

3. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations389

4. Consular Residences393

5. Requisition or Expropriation394

6. Search, Attachment, or Seizure397

7. Asylum397

8. Violence against Consular Premises400

9. Protection against Picketing and Demonstrations406

10. Exceptional Circumstances413

11. Honorary Consulates414

12. Beginning and End of Inviolability414

24. Writs of Process419

25. Consular Archives and Documents424

1. Consular Archives424

2. Separation of Official from Other Papers425

3. Consular Archives in Time of War426

4. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations427

26. Freedom of Movement429

27. Consular Communications436

1. General436

2. With Nationals of the Sending State436

3. With Other Private Persons or Bodies437

4. With Officials of Sending State: Peacetime438

5. With Officials of Sending State: In Time of War or Emergency440

6. With Officials of Receiving State442

7. Language of Official Communications443

8. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations444

9. Consular Courier and Bag447

10. ILC Draft on the Diplomatic Courier and Bag448

11. Personal Search and Electronic Screening453

28. Protection and Inviolability of Consuls457

1. General457

2. Protection of Consuls460

3. The Hostages Case462

4. Other Terrorist Acts against Consuls464

5. Multilateral Treaties against Terrorism467

6. Firearms470

7. Armed Guards475

8. Immunity from Arrest, Prosecution, or Imprisonment476

29. Immunity from Local Jurisdiction: The Functional Approach483

1. General483

2. Functional Approach483

3. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations488

4. Determination of Official Functions492

5. Criteria496

6. In Re Rissmann498

7. State of Indiana v. Per L. Strom501

8. Waiver of Immunities504

30. Immunity from Local Jurisdiction: The Diplomatic Approach506

1. Treaties Concluded by Communist States506

2. The Most-Favoured-Nation Clause507

3. Immunity through Termination of Consular Functions509

4. Recent US Policy510

31. Immunity from Local Jurisdiction: Road Traffic Matters513

1. Traffic Offences and Accidents513

2. Civil Action513

3. Criminal Proceedings516

32. Liability to Give Evidence526

1. General526

2. Matters relating to Official Functions528

3. Disputes concerning 'Official' Source of Information530

4. Laws of Sending State531

5. Honorary Consuls532

6. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations532

33. Social Legislation and Civic and Public Services536

34. Exemption from Taxation540

1. General540

2. Income and Property540

3. Sales and Gasoline Taxes548

4. Import Duties550

5. Export Duties556

6. Customs Inspection557

PART Ⅴ. HONORARY CONSULS561

35. Honorary Consuls563

1. General563

2. Distinction from Career Consuls566

3. Criteria for Establishing Honorary Consular Posts568

4. Appointment571

5. Functions576

6. Privileges and Immunities579

PART Ⅵ. CONSULS, DIPLOMATS, AND THE UNITED NATIONS591

36. Consuls as Diplomats593

37. Diplomats as Consuls601

38. Consuls and the United Nations605

1. Consuls as Representatives to the United Nations605

2. Consular Premises and Missions to the United Nations608

3. Performance of Consular Functions by Missions to the United Nations609

4. Performance of Consular Functions by the United Nations613

39. Performance of Consular Functions by Other Officials616

PART Ⅶ.CONCLUSIONS622

40. Relations between the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and Other Treaties623

41. Settlement of Disputes630

42. Signature and Accession637

43. Conclusions641

Appendices646

1. Recent Consular Treaties646

2. The United Nations Conference on Consular Relations658

3. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations692

4. The European Convention on Consular Functions705

Index727