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PART ONE：SETTING THE STAGE1

Chapter Ⅰ THE NATURE OF THE MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE1

1. Preliminary Observations1

2. Limiting the Scope5

3. Definitional Aspects of the MNE9

a. Definition of terms relating to the structure of the MNE9

b. Analysis of current usage10

4. Operational Aspects of the MNE13

a. Principal legal and organizational forms and structures13

b. Relation of legal form to managerial control17

5. Terminology Selection and Definition Formulation for Purposes of the Present Study19

6. Conclusion20

Chapter Ⅱ IMPORTANT PRELIMINARY DISTINCTIONS RE CONTROL AND CONTROL RELATIONSHIPS23

1. National v. International Control23

2. Internal v. External Control24

a. Distinctions: internal v. external/de facto v. de jure control24

b. Relation to international law29

c. Relevance of internal control to external legal controls32

2. ‘National Treatment’ Principle in Practice91

a. National practice92

b. EEC and international practice95

3. Application of Law and Policy99

a. Fruehauf-France100

b. ‘Serving two masters’103

c. ‘Lifting the veil’110

Chapter Ⅵ CONTROL OVER CAPITAL MOVEMENTS121

1. Host-State Laws and Policy121

2. MNE Practice126

Chapter Ⅶ CONTROL THROUGH TAX LEGISLATION127

1. Transfer Pricing127

2. Tax Treaties130

3. Relevant National Tax Laws and Policy132

4. Evaluation136

Chapter Ⅲ CONTROL THROUGH DISCLOSURE LEGISLATION139

1. Generally Applicable Host-State Disclosure Requirement140

a. National approaches140

b. Regional approaches148

c. International approaches149

2. Problem of Concurrent and Conflicting Jurisdictions154

a. National trends154

b. Regional trends169

c. International trends170

3. Evaluation174

Chapter Ⅸ CONTROL THROUGH ‘MERGER’LEGISLATION177

1. Applicability of Antitrust and the ‘Effects’Doctrine177

2. Purpose of Anti-Combines Laws183

3. American v. European Practice183

4. Model Types of MNE Mergers186

a. Merger situation Ⅰ：strict territorial principle188

b. Merger Situation Ⅱ：extension of jurisdiction through home parent to foreign affiliate189

c. Merger Situation Ⅲ：territorial principle with foreign ramifications190

d. Merger Situation Ⅳ：‘reverse extra-territoriality’191

5. Emergence of New Competition Policy and Legislation201

6. International Tentatives229

Chapter Ⅹ CONTROLS OVER OPERATIONS RESULTING IN DISINVESTMENT235

1. Voluntary v. Involuntary Disinvestment235

2. Contract Renegotiation236

a. Shift in bargaining position236

b. Econonic coercion by host state242

c. Unreasonable coercion resulting in disinvestment243

3. ‘Fade-out’ Formula244

4. Evaluation246

PAR T FOUR：TECHNIQUES OF RESTRICTIVE HOST-STATE CONTROL OVER FOREIGN MNEs：COERCED DISINVESTMENT240

Chapter ⅩⅠ EXPROPRIATION：TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS IN TRANSITION249

1. Definitions249

2. The Compensation Debate251

3. Legality Link256

4. Conclusion256

Chapter ⅩⅡ “CREEPING EXPROPRIATION”259

1. Defining the Perimeters259

2. Terminology，Interpretation and Definitions260

3. Unreasonable Interference with Ownership：“Canadianization”263

4. Unreasonable Interference with Management：“Mitbestimmung”268

a. Bundesverfassungsgericht decision：international implications271

b. German Gutachten：international implications272

5. Other Techniques of “Constructive Taking”276

6. “Constructive Taking” before National Courts and International Tribunals279

7. “Disguised Expropriation”：Barcelona Traction281

Conclusion293

PART FIVE：THE SCOPE FOR INTERNATIONAL CONTROLS295

Chapter ⅩⅢ NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL CODES AND GUIDELINES295

1. Overview of Major Current Efforts at International Codes and Guidelines295

a. The United-Nations-family ‘package’ and related efforts296

b. The OECD ‘package’298

2. Legal Aspects30

a. Non-legally-binding character30

b. Prospects for the “minimalist position”301

c. Prospects for the “maximalist position”305

d. General prospects307

3. Non-Legal Aspects308

a. Non-legally-binding nature as a possible asset308

b. Tangible non-legal effects308

4. Addressees310

a. Directives to home governments311

b. Directives to MNEs312

c. Directives to host governments315

Chapter ⅩⅣ FUNCTION OF INTERNATIONAL CODES AND GUIDELINES321

1. Protection of Beneficial Free-Flow of Private Investment Capital and Maintenance of Proper Balance of Benefits to MNE and Host Respectively321

2. Harmonization of National Laws in Certain Key Areas323

3. Coverage of Those Areas Inadequately Provided for under Municipal Law323

4. Overall Function325

Conclusion325

CONCLUSIONS327

BIBLIOGRAPHY331

TABLE OF CASES11

INDEX364