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PART Ⅰ.Introduction1

PART Ⅱ.A Legacy of Abuse and Suffering Leads to the Birth of the ICC7

PART Ⅲ.Tracing the Development of Victims' Rights Under International Law19

A.Victim-Centric Justice of the 1400s桟ustomary Law As Exemplified By the Code of Leke Dukagjini21

B.Centralized State Power in the 1700s and 1800s, the Scientification of Criminal Law, and the Decline of Victims' Rights Under Domestic Law24

1.The Classical School of Criminology26

2.The Positivist School of Criminology and Beyond27

C.Twentieth-Century Resurgence of Victims' Rights Under Domestic Law29

D.Victims' Rights Recognized as Part of International Law32

1.International Law's Recognition of Individual Rights33

2.Victims' Rights Under International Law35

PART Ⅳ.Primer on the ICC43

A.Breaking New Ground for Victims' Rights43

B.The ICC's Operation44

C.The ICC's Limited Subject-Matter Jurisdiction46

1.The Crime of Genocide47

2.Crimes Against Humanity48

3.War Crimes48

4.The Crime of Aggression49

D.Territorial and Personal Jurisdiction Requirements50

E.The ICC's Limited Temporal Jurisdiction52

F.The ICC's Due Process Guarantees53

G.The "Complementarity" Firewall: Understanding the ICC's Key Admissibility Test53

H.Case Initiation58

1.State Party Initiation or Security Council Referral59

2.The Prosecutor's Initiation of a Case60

3.Prosecutorial Guidelines: Determining the "Gravity" of a Case62

I.A New Paradigm: The ICC's Hybrid System of Advocacy63

J.Reconciling the ICC's Sweeping Promises to Victims with the Realities on the Ground66

1.Understanding ICC Judge's Background, Habits, and Competence72

2.The Office of the Prosecutor76

PART Ⅴ.The Rome Statute's Groundbreaking (and Expansive) Recognition of Victims' Rights79

A.Victims' Rights Enshrined in the ICC's Rome Statute81

B.Summary of the ICC's Victim-Related Rules of Procedure and Evidence82

C.Exploring the Role of Victims as "Participants" in ICC Proceedings85

D.The Modality and Extent of Victim Participation Remain Unsettled88

PART Ⅵ.Qualifying as Legal Counsel for Victims93

A.Becoming a Formally Recognized ICC "Victim Representative"93

B.An Alternative Mode of Legal Representation: "Assistant to Counsel"95

PART Ⅶ.Steps to Formal Recognition as a "Victim"97

A.The Long Road to Formal Recognition as a "Victim"98

B.Victims as Witnesses103

PART Ⅷ.Preparing for Complex Group Representation105

A.Promises and Potential Pitfalls of Group Representation-The Class Action Model105

B.The Victim Representative's Duty of Loyalty to Clients112

PART Ⅸ.Understanding Victims' Interests and Recognizing the Importance of Managing and Guiding Expectations119

A.Promises Collide With Reality119

B.Managing Expectations122

C.Ensuring Victims' Safety123

PART Ⅹ.Holding a Pre-Trial Evidentiary Hearing to Establish the Historic Record127

A.Litigation Aimed at Creating Present and Future Individual (and Group) Accountability127

B.Convening a Pre-Trial Evidentiary Hearing to Develop the Common Factual Backdrop of the Case132

PART ⅩⅠ Compiling a "Victimization Dossier" as a Permanent Historic Record of Abuse137

A.The Carefully Tailored Dossier as a Useful Tool for Victim Representatives137

B.Devising Standard Procedures for Compiling Evidence139

C.Developing Interview Protocols139

D.Submitting the Dossier to the Court140

1.The Most Promising Submission Options140

2.Other Submission Alternatives140

E.Submitting the Dossier to the Office of the Prosecutor141

PART ⅩⅡ.Pre-Trial Proceedings145

A.Functions of the Pre-Trial Chamber145

B.The Office of Public Counsel for the Defense148

C.Victim Participation in Pre-Trial Investigative Activities149

D.Pre-Trial Preparation With a Clear Focus on the Main Trial151

1.Developing the Theory of the Case152

2.Framing the Elements of the Crime(s)155

3.Identifying and Developing the Critical Facts157

4.Constructing an "Order of Proof"158

5.Outlining Direct and 'Adverse" Examination159

6.Preparing the Exhibit List160

7.Honest Evaluation Required: Critical Examination of the Victims' Case161

8.Preparing a Preliminary Trial Checklist162

9.Creating a Trial Notebook164

10.Complying with Pre-Trial Discovery and Disclosure Obligations164

E.Some Observations on Pre-Trial Meetings With (Potential) Witnesses167

F.Self-Representation and the Corresponding Threat to the Historic Record173

G.The Benefits of Guilty Pleas180

PART ⅩⅢ.The Main Trial183

A.Opening Statement184

B.Direct Examination of Witnesses189

1.Purpose of Direct Examination: Telling the Story of the Case from the Victims' Perspective190

2.Structuring the Direct Examination192

3.Conducting the Direct Examination193

a.Official Witnesses196

b.Third-Party Witnesses196

c.Cooperating Witnesses196

d.Expert Witnesses196

4.Leading Questions197

C.Introducing Exhibity200

1.The ICC s General Rules of Admissibility200

2.Developing the Necessary Foundation to Admit Evidence204

a.Tape Recordings206

b.Photographs207

c.Business Records207

d.Signatures208

e.Handwritten Documents208

f.Diagrams and Demonstrative Exhibits208

D.Cross-Examination210

1.Cross-Examining on Prior Inconsistent Statements211

2.Cross-Examining Expert Witnesses213

E.Re-Direct Examination216

PART ⅩⅣ.Summation and Sentencing219

A.Summation: Capturing the Whole Story219

B.Sentencing: Imposition of Justice221

1.Available Categories of Punishment: Imprisonment, Fines, Forfeiture, and Reparations221

2.Reparations224

3.Bifurcating the Guilt Phase from the Reparations Phase225

4.Preparing the Victims' Sentencing Memorandum226

PART ⅩⅤ.Conclusion229

Appendix Ⅰ.Selected Articles from Rome Statute231

Appendix Ⅱ.Selected Rules of Procedure and Evidence263

Appendix Ⅲ.Regulations of the Registry299

Appendix Ⅳ.Selected Regulations of the Court331

Appendix Ⅴ.Code of Professional Conduct for Counsel357

Appendix Ⅵ.Counsel Participation Form379

Appendix Ⅶ.Victim Participation Form389

Appendix Ⅷ.Reparations Form407

Table of Authorities427

ICC Legal Provisions445

Index449