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Chapter 1: Introduction1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Definition of Ceramics2

1.3 Elementary Crystallography4

1.4 Ceramic Microstructures6

1.5 Traditional Versus Advanced Ceramics7

1.6 General Characteristics of Ceramics7

1.7 Applications8

1.8 The Future10

Problems11

Additional Reading12

Chapter 2: Bonding in Ceramics13

2.1 Introduction13

2.2 Structure of Atoms14

2.3 Ionic Versus Covalent Bonding23

2.4 Ionic Bonding25

2.5 Ionically Bonded Solids28

2.6 Covalent Bond Formation33

2.7 Covalently Bonded Solids37

2.8 Band Theory of Solids38

2.9 Summary47

Appendix 2A: Kinetic Energy of Free Electrons47

Problems48

Additional Reading51

Chapter 3: Structure of Ceramics52

3.1 Introduction52

3.2 Ceramic Structures54

3.3 Binary Ionic Compounds59

3.4 Composite Crystal Structures65

3.5 Structure of Covalent Ceramics67

3.6 Structure of Silicates70

3.7 Lattice Parameters and Density75

3.8 Summary79

Appendix 3A:Ionic Radii80

Problems84

Additional Reading87

Chapter 4: Effect of Chemical Forces on Physical Properties88

4.1 Introduction88

4.2 Melting Points88

4.3 Thermal Expansion94

4.4 Young's Modulus and the Strength of Perfect Solids99

4.5 Surface Energy102

4.6 Summary106

Problems106

Additional Reading109

Chapter 5:Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations110

5.1 Introduction110

5.2 Free Energy111

5.3 Chemical Equilibrium and the Mass Action Expression122

5.4 Chemical Stability Domains123

5.5 Electrochemical Potentials126

5.6 Charged Interfaces, Double Layers, and Debye Lengths127

5.7 Gibbs-Duhem Relation for Binary Oxides129

5.8 Kinetic Considerations131

5.9 Summary133

Appendix 5A: Derivation of Eq. (5.27)133

Problems134

Additional Reading135

Chapter 6: Defects in Ceramics137

6.1 Introduction137

6.2 Point Defects138

6.3 Linear Defects166

6.4 Planar Defects168

6.5 Summary170

Problems171

Additional Reading174

Chapter 7: Diffuson and Electrical Conductivity175

7.1 Introduction175

7.2 Diffusion176

7.3 Electrical Conductivity192

7.4 Am bipolar Diffusion212

7.5 Relationships Between Self-, Tracer, Chemical, Ambipolar,and Defect Diffusion Coefficients224

7.6 Summary227

Appendix 7A: Relationship Between Fick's First Law and Eq. (7.30)229

Appendix 7B: Effective Mass and Density of States230

Appendix 7C: Derivation of Eq. (7.79)232

Appendix 7D: Derivation of Eq. (7.92)233

Problems234

Additional Reading241

Chapter 8: Phase Equilibria242

8.1 Introduction242

8.2 Phase Rule243

8.3 One-Component Systems244

8.4 Binary Systems247

8.5 Ternary Systems255

8.6 Free-Energy Composition and Temperature Diagrams257

8.7 Summary262

Problems263

Additional Reading264

Chapter 9: Formation, Structure, and Properties of Glasses265

9.1 Introduction265

9.2 Glass Formation266

9.3 Glass Structure280

9.4 Glass Properties283

9.5 Glass-Ceramics293

9.6 Summary296

Appendix 9A: Derivation of Eq. (9.7)297

Problems297

Additional Reading300

Chapter 10: Sintering and Grain Growth302

10.1 Introduction302

10.2 Solid-State Sintering304

10.4 Liquid-Phase Sintering337

10.5 Hot Pressing and Hot Isostatic Pressing343

10.6 Summary345

Appendix 10A: Derivation of the Gibbs-Thompson Equation346

Appendix 10B: Radii of Curvature346

Appendix 10C: Derivation of Eq. (10.20)347

Appendix 10D: Derivation of Eq. (10.22)349

Problems350

Additional Reading354

Chapter 11: Mechanical Properties: Fast Fracture356

11.1 Introduction356

11.2 Fracture Toughness358

11.3 Strength of Ceramics373

11.4 Toughening Mechanisms380

11.5 Designing With Ceramics387

11.6 Summary394

Problems395

Additional Reading399

Chapter 12: Creep, Subcritical Crack Growth, and Fatigue400

12.1 Introduction400

12.2 Creep401

12.3 Subcritical Crack Growth415

12.4 Fatigue of Ceramics422

12.5 Lifetime Predictions425

12.6 Summary432

Appendix 12A: Derivation of Eq. (12.24)433

Problems435

Additional Reading440

Chapter 13: Thermal Properties442

13.1 Introduction442

13.2 Thermal Stresses443

13.3 Thermal Shock447

13.4 Spontaneous Microcracking of Ceramics452

13.5 Thermal Tempering of Glass456

13.6 Thermal Conductivity458

13.7 Summary460

Problems461

Additional Reading464

Chapter 14: Dielectric Properties465

14.1 Introduction465

14.2 Basic Theory466

14.3 Equivalent Circuit Description of Linear Dielectrics471

14.4 Polarization Mechanisms476

14.5 Dielectric Loss492

14.6 Dielectric Breakdown494

14.7 Capacitors and Insulators494

14.8 Summary497

Appendix 14A: Local Electric Field498

Problems499

Additional Reading505

Chapter 15: Magnetic and Nonlinear Dielectric Properties507

15.1 Introduction507

15.2 Basic Theory508

15.3 Microscopic Theory514

15.4 Para-, Ferro-, Antiferro-, and Ferrimagnetism519

15.5 Magnetic Domains and the Hysteresis Curve525

15.6 Magnetic Ceramics and their Applications529

15.7 Piezo-and Ferroelectric Ceramics537

15.8 Summary547

Appendix 15A: Orbital Magnetic Quantum Number548

Problems549

Additional Reading551

Chapter 16: Optical Properties553

16.1 Introduction553

16.2 Basic Principles555

16.3 Absorption and Transmission565

16.4 Scattering and Opacity573

16.5 Fiber Optics and Optical Communication576

16.6 Summary580

Appendix 16A: Coherence581

Appendix 16B: Assumptions Made in Deriving Eq. (16.24)581

Problems582

Additional Reading587

Index589