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PART I INTERNATIONAL SALES OF GOODS3

OVERVIEW3

1 STANDARD TRADE TERMS5

INTRODUCTION5

EX WORKS6

CIF CONTRACTS6

What is a CIF contract?6

Judicial definition of a CIF contract7

Is a CIF contract simply a sale of documents?10

Duties of the seller under a CIF contract11

Duty to procure and prepare documents14

Invoice14

Bill of lading15

Insurance17

Licences20

Tender of documents21

Seller's remedies22

Passing of property24

Passing of risk26

Duties of the buyer27

Buyer's remedies28

Variants of a CIF contract31

CIF and arrival contracts31

CIF CONTRACTS UNDER INCOTERMS 200032

Obligations of the seller32

Obligations of the buyer34

C&F CONTRACTS35

C&F AND INCOTERMS35

FOB CONTRACTS36

Duties of the seller under a classic FOB contract38

Seller's remedies41

Duties of the buyer42

Buyer's remedies43

Export and import licences44

Passing of property45

Passing of risk45

VARIANTS OF AN FOB CONTRACT46

FOB with additional services46

FAS CONTRACTS46

FOB contracts under INCOTERMS 200047

INCOTERMS 2000 - a brief overview49

CONCLUSION51

FURTHER READING55

2 THE VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS 198057

INTRODUCTION57

THE VIENNA CONVENTION61

Structure and features61

Sphere of application62

Exclusion of issues66

Party autonomy and the Vienna Convention68

Trade usage and the Vienna Convention70

Interpretation of the Vienna Convention71

Formation of a contract72

Obligations of the seller76

Obligations of the buyer77

Passing of risk81

Remedies83

Exemption91

CONCLUSION: RECENT INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES92

UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts92

Principles of European Contract Law95

FURTHER READING96

PART Ⅱ REGULATING THE ELECTRONIC COMMERCE ENVIRONMENT101

OVERVIEW101

3 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE —LEGAL ISSUES AND HARMONISATION103

INTRODUCTION103

POLICY CONSIDERATIONS, E-COMMERCE AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY MEASURES104

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND INTERCHANGE AGREEMENTS107

UNCITRAL MODEL LAW ON E-COMMERCE108

Background, guiding principles and harmonisation108

Part I - e-commerce110

Part II - carriage of goods115

OTHER INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES - THE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE116

THE EU DIRECTIVE ON E-COMMERCE117

E-commerce, free movement of services and transparency provisions117

Contractual matters119

Liability of third party service providers119

Implementation120

THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE USE OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS IN ELECTRONIC CONTRACTS120

Scope of application121

Functional equivalence122

Time and place of dispatch and receipt123

Relationship to other instruments123

CONCLUSION123

FURTHER READING124

4 THE ELECTRONIC TRANSACTION AND SECURITY ISSUES125

INTRODUCTION125

ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES AND UNCITRAL126

Founding principles128

The Model Law on Electronic Signatures130

THE EU DIRECTIVE ON ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES AND THE UK LEGISLATION: ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS ACT 2000 AND THE ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES REGULATION 2002136

ELECTRONIC MEDIUM AND COMPUTER MISUSE138

Legislative developments in different jurisdictions138

Council of Europe and computer crime143

Council of Europe and procedural aspects of cybercrime investigation149

CONCLUSION: A BRIGHT FUTURE FOR E-COMMERCE?156

FURTHER READING156

PART Ⅲ TRANSPORTATION OF CARGO159

OVERVIEW159

5 TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS BY SEA - CHARTERPARTIES161

INTRODUCTION161

TYPES OF CHARTERPARTIES162

Voyage charterparty162

Time charterparty163

Demise charterparty163

COMMON LAW IMPLIED OBLIGATIONS IN A VOYAGE CHARTERPARTY164

Nomination of a safe port164

Not to ship dangerous goods168

COMMON LAW IMMUNITIES169

USUAL EXPRESS TERMS169

CONCLUSION171

FURTHER READING172

6 BILLS OF LADING173

INTRODUCTION173

NATURE OF A BILL OF LADING174

Bill of lading as a receipt174

Bills within the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971174

Bills outside the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971175

Enforceability of indemnity agreements for issuing clean bills of lading178

Bill of lading as evidence of contract of carriage180

Bill of lading as contract of carriage181

Bill of lading as document of title181

Delivery against bills of lading183

RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF CONSIGNEE /ENDORSEE185

Problems caused by the Bill of Lading Act 1855186

Position of pledgees186

Right to sue and bulk goods187

The implied contract approach187

The special contract approach188

Liability in tort188

Endorsement of bill of lading after delivery189

THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT 1992189

Rights of suit189

Transfer of rights190

Imposition of liabilities193

BILLS OF LADING AND FRAUD195

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT 1992197

Advantages and disadvantages of using electronic documents198

Electronic bills of lading: the SEADOCS scheme, CMI Rules for Electronic Bills of Lading201

CONCLUSION204

FURTHER READING204

7 BILLS OF LADING AND COMMON LAW207

INTRODUCTION207

IMPLIED OBLIGATIONS ON THE PART OF THE SHIPOWNER207

Seaworthiness208

Due dispatch212

Deviation213

Negligence216

IMPLIED OBLIGATIONS ON THE PART OF THE SHIPPER217

SHIPOWNER'S IMMUNITIES218

COMMON LAW EXCEPTIONS218

Act of God218

Act of Queen's enemies218

Inherent vice218

CONTRACTUAL EXCEPTIONS219

Perils of the sea219

Arrest or restraint of princes220

Hostilities and riots220

Strikes220

Latent defects221

Fire221

OTHER TERMS IN BILLS OF LADING221

Responsibility for loading221

Freight222

Lien225

CONCLUSION226

FURTHER READING226

8 CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA: BILLS OF LADING AND THE CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA ACT 1971 （HAGUE-VISBY RULES）229

INTRODUCTION229

INTERPRETATION OF THE HAGUE-VISBY RULES IN THE ENGLISH COURTS231

CARRIER'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES233

Duty to provide a seaworthy ship235

Cargo management240

Documentary responsibilities242

Duty to pursue the contract voyage243

CARRIER'S IMMUNITIES246

Unseaworthiness246

Negligence in navigation or management of the ship246

Fire248

Perils of the sea250

Act of God250

Act of war, public enemies and riots250

Act of authorities and quarantine251

Act or omission of shipper251

Strikes and lock outs251

Saving life or properand deviation252

Wastage and inherent vice252

Defective packing and marking252

Latent defects252

Catch-all exception253

LIMITATION OF LIABILITY254

Liability for 'loss or damage'254

Liability in contract and in tort and availability of limitation254

Calculation of liability259

Loss of limitation261

Time limitation262

SHIPPER'S DUTIES AND IMMUNITIES264

Delivery for loading264

Shipper's guarantee264

Dangerous goods265

General average267

Status of terms not included in the Rules267

SCOPE OF APPLICATION268

Incorporation of charterparty terms in bills of lading273

Kinds of carriage274

Kinds of cargo275

Period of application278

CONTRACTING OUT280

THE FUTURE283

FURTHER READING283

9 THE HAMBURG RULES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS （THE ROTTERDAM RULES）285

INTRODUCTION285

INTERPRETATION OF THE CONVENTION288

SCOPE OF APPLICATION289

Carrier's responsibilies and liabilities292

Carrier's exceptions297

Electronic data interchange （EDI） and the Hamburg Rules298

Contracting out299

Carrier's rights300

Liability limits301

Shipper's responsibilities302

Shipper's undertaking to indemnify carrier303

Choice of forum303

Hamburg Rules - the future304

THE UN CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS WHOLLY OR PARTLY BY SEA - THE ROTTERDAM RULES305

Scope of application306

Carrier's responsibilities, liabilities and rights308

Documentary responsibilites311

Shipper's liabilites312

Contracting out312

Liability limits312

Choice of forum314

Innovative provisions314

CONCLUSION316

FURTHER READING329

10 INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY AIR331

INTRODUCTION331

THE WARSAW SYSTEM331

Warsaw Convention 1929332

Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol 1955333

Guadalajara Convention 1961333

Guatemala Protocol 1971333

Montreal Additional Protocols Nos 1-3333

Montreal Additional Protocol No 4334

APPROACH TO INTERPRETATION OF THE WARSAW CONVENTION IN THE ENGLISH COURTS335

SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE WARSAW CONVENTION （UNAMENDED AND AMENDED VERSIONS）335

CONTRACTING OUT337

DOCUMENTARY RESPONSIBILITIES338

Amended version338

Unamended version339

Montreal4340

AIR WAYBILL AND NEGOTIABILITY340

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE WARSAW REGIME341

CARRIER LIABILITY341

Period of responsibility342

Liability limits343

Payment of interest344

Loss of limits of liability345

Availability of limitation to parties other than carrier347

CONSIGNOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS348

CONSIGNEE'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS349

PROCEEDINGS349

Choice of forum349

Arbitration353

By whom354

Time limitation355

THE MONTREAL CONVENTION355

FURTHER READING360

11 INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY RAIL361

INTRODUCTION361

INTERPRETATION OF THE CIM362

SCOPE OF APPLICATION362

Status of carrier363

Combined transport363

DOCUMENTARY RESPONSIBILITIES364

The consignment note364

Evidential value366

Examination and verification366

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE CIM RULES367

CONTRACTING OUT367

CARRIER'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND LIABILITIES368

Period of responsibility and liability for loss, damage or delay368

Liability amount370

Documentary formalities371

CARRIER'S RIGHTS371

CONSIGNOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS371

Loading operations371

Responsibilities in respect of customs documents, loading and packing of goods372

Payment of charges372

Choice of route and transit372

Modification of contract373

CONSIGNEE'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS373

Charges and delivery373

Modification of contract373

PROCEEDINGS374

By whom374

Against whom374

Choice of forum375

Time limitation375

CONCLUSION376

FURTHER READING376

12 INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY ROAD377

INTRODUCTION377

INTERPRETATION OF THE CMR BY THE ENGLISH COURTS377

SCOPE OF APPLICATION378

Combined transport380

CONTRACTING OUT382

DOCUMENTARY RESPONSIBILITIES383

ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE （EDI） AND THE CMR385

CARRIER'S LIABILITIES AND RIGHTS386

Roadworthy vehicle386

Period of responsibility386

Liability for loss, damage and delay386

Carrier liability and 'cash on delivery'389

Liability amount389

Availability of limitation390

Loss of limitation of liability390

Carrier's rights391

SENDER'S RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS392

Dangerous goods392

Packing392

Customs formalities393

Choice of route393

Modification of contract393

CONSIGNEE'S RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES394

Modification of contract394

Freight and supplementary charges394

PROCEEDINGS394

By whom394

Against whom395

Jurisdiction396

Arbitration397

Time limitation398

CMR - THE FUTURE399

FURTHER READING399

13 INTERNATIONAL MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT401

INTRODUCTION401

FREIGHT FORWARDER - AGENT OR PRINCIPAL?403

Responsibilities and liabilities of an agent407

Agent's rights408

UNIFICATION EFFORTS BY THE INDUSTRY408

BIFA Standard Trading Conditions409

FIATA NEGOTIABLE MULTIMODAL BILL OF LADING412

Applicability of FIATA Bill terms413

Responsibilities, liabilities and rights of the freight forwarder413

Consignor's responsibilities414

Provision for combined transport in unimodal conventions414

The United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport 1980 - its future415

CONCLUSION417

FURTHER READING425

PART Ⅳ FINANCING AND INSURANCE429

OVERVIEW429

14 MARINE INSURANCE431

INTRODUCTION431

SCOPE AND NATURE OF MARINE INSURANCE CONTRACTS432

Obtaining marine insurance cover432

Payment of premium434

Different kinds of policies435

PRINCIPLES OF MARINE INSURANCE LAW437

A contract of utmost good faith437

Insurable interest442

Subrogation and double insurance443

Assignment445

WARRANTIES ON THE PART OF THE INSURED - IMPLIED AND EXPRESS446

Implied warranties （seaworthiness, legality）446

Express warranties448

DEVIATION448

LIABILITY OF INSURER449

Doctrine of proximate causation449

Types of losses450

INSTITUTE CARGO CLAUSES （A）, （B） AND （C）452

Historical background452

Institute Cargo Clauses （A）453

Institute Cargo Clauses （B）455

Institute Cargo Clauses （C）456

CONCLUSION456

FURTHER READING461

15 LETTERS OF CREDIT463

INTRODUCTION463

OPEN ACCOUNT463

BILLS OF EXCHANGE464

DOCUMENTARY BILL467

LETTERS OF CREDIT468

Law relating to letters of credit469

Letters of credit: their nature and advantages470

Stages in a documentary credit transaction471

Characteristics of letters of credit - autonomy and strict compliance474

Ambiguous instructions from buyer and linkage of documents483

Types of letters of credit483

The opening of a letter of credit491

Waiver and variation493

Tender of documents by seller （beneficiary）494

Obligations of the bank（s） to the seller496

The fraud exception500

Information technology （IT） and letters of credit502

PERFORMANCE BONDS/GUARANTEES AND STANDBY LETTERS OF CREDIT503

Performance bonds/ guarantees503

Standby letters of credit504

OTHER MEANS OF MINIMISING RISK OF NON-PAYMENT507

CONCLUSION510

FURTHER READING511

PART Ⅴ DISPUTE RESOLUTION515

OVERVIEW515

16 CIVIL JURISDICTION517

INTRODUCTION517

THE DEFENDANT'S DOMICILE521

SUBMISSION BY APPEARANCE525

ORDINARY CONTRACTS526

TORT CLAIMS533

ANCILLARY JURISDICTION536

Co-defendants536

Third parties538

Counterclaims539

JURISDICTION CLAUSES540

INSURANCE, CONSUMER AND EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS545

Insurance546

Consumer contracts548

Employment contracts552

SIMULTANEOUS ACTIONS554

INTERIM RELIEF559

CONCLUSION561

FURTHER READING561

17 CHOICE OF LAW563

INTRODUCTION563

THE PROPER LAW - EXPRESS CHOICE566

THE PROPER LAW - IMPLIED CHOICE570

THE PROPER LAW - CLOSEST CONNECTION573

PARTICULAR ISSUES581

ENGLISH PUBLIC POLICY AND OVERRIDING MANDATORY RULES584

CERTAIN PARTICULAR TYPES OF CONTRACT589

Consumer contracts589

Contracts for the carriage of passengers593

Employment contracts593

Insurance contracts597

TORTS AND RESTITUTIONARY OBLIGATIONS601

CONCLUSION605

FURTHER READING605

18 FOREIGN JUDGMENTS607

INTRODUCTION607

EUROPEAN JUDGMENTS607

EXTERNAL JUDGMENTS615

CONCLUSION622

FURTHER READING622

19 ARBITRATION623

INTRODUCTION623

CHARACTERISTICS623

ARBITRATION IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS629

Institutional arbitration629

Ad hoc arbitration630

ARBITRATION UNDER ENGLISH LAW631

Applicable substantive law635

Stay of court proceedings637

Challenging arbitral awards638

Recent trends: arbitration online643

FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS644

CONCLUSION648

FURTHER READING649

20 MEDIATION （CONCILIATION）: AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION651

INTRODUCTION651

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS653

DEVELOPMENTS IN ENGLAND656

FEATURES AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES657

Mediation agreement657

Confidentiality and mediator immunity660

Settlement agreement and enforceability662

MEDIATION ONLINE663

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS - THE EU DIRECTIVE664

CONCLUSION666

FURTHER READING667

PART Ⅵ CORRUPTION671

OVERVIEW671

21 FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS673

INTRODUCTION673

DEFINING CORRUPTION676

THE OECD CONVENTION678

Liability of legal persons679

Sanctions680

Enforcement680

Other provisions681

THE UN CONVENTION682

Offences682

Investigation and other procedural aspects685

Asset recovery687

Sanctions690

Implementation692

Criminal law, its limitations and preventive measures692

BUSINESS CODES OF CONDUCT694

CONCLUSION696

FURTHER READING696

APPENDICES697

APPENDIX 1: GENCON （AS REVISED 1922 AND 1976）697

APPENDIX 2: GENCON （AS REVISED 1922, 1976 AND 1994）701

APPENDIX 3: NYPE 93705

APPENDIX 4: CONGENBILL717

APPENDIX 5: GENWAYBILL719

APPENDIX 6: MULTIDOC 95721

APPENDIX 7: NEGOTIABLE FIATA MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT BILL OF LADING723

Index725