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Chapter One:Anglo-American Law and You1

Section One:A Political and Moral Perspective—I Am the Law1

Section Two:Anglo-American Law Defined3

A．Common law（共同法或习惯法、普通法）Countries5

B．The Subjects of Common law6

Section Three:Study of Anglo-American Law—Why,What,and How6

A．What is or Counts as Foreign Law—Definition and Clarification7

B．Why for the Study of Anglo-American Law8

C．Reasons for Study—A Summary10

D．Implications of Globalization of Law:International Trade,Commerce,and Private Law—Unification and Uniform Application11

E．Similarity of Private Law Worldwide13

Section Four:Factors and Considerations Affecting Choice of Foreign Law15

A．Foreign law chosen on the basis of shared history and tradition15

B．Foreign law chosen on the basis of superior human value conditions15

C．Foreign law chosen on the basis of special relationship15

D．Foreign law chosen on the basis of superior legal structure and framework16

E．Foreign law chosen on the basis of the rationality of the substantive content of　its laws16

Section Five:Methodology and Approach of Foreign Law Study17

A．How Should Anglo-American Law Be Studied18

Section Six:Importance of Knowledge of Legal Research and Legal Materials21

Section Seven:Need for the Study of Foreign Law in Vernacular22

Section Eight:The"What"(the Subject Matter)of Study22

A．Hot Topics and In-demand Subject or Issue:Reactive Research22

B．Topics or Issues for Scholarly and Theoretical Research24

C．Study the Common Law as a Unique Legal System24

D．Study the Philosophical Ideas Informing Anglo-American Law25

Section Nine:Sources,Texts,and Materials of the Study of Anglo-American Law27

Section Ten:Conditions and Factors Determinative of the Need and Viability of Legal Transplant27

Chapter Two:Sources of Law in General30

Section One:Codes（法典）and Statutes（制定法）30

Section Two:Regulations（规章，条例），Decrees（判决，裁定），and Administrative Directives（行政命令、行政规章）31

Section Three:Binding Nature or Significance of Administrative Directives32

Section Four:Judicial Decisions32

Section Five:Non-state or Unofficial Sources of Law33

A．Reason as a Source33

B．Fundamental Importance of Doctrine or Legal Writing:Scholarly Law34

C．Interdisciplinary Research and Works as Sources35

D．Intelligence,Idea,Proposal,and Recommendation as Source35

Section Six:Legal Pluralism and Legal Centralism—Written Law（成文法）vis-a-vis Unwritten Law（不成文法），Express vis-a-vis Implicit Law,Law in Book vis-a-vis Law in Action37

A．Pre-(state)Law（国家成立前的法律）37

B．Relative Insignificance of Judicial Law(Settlement of Disputes)38

C．Implicit Law,Unwritten or Autonomous Ordering38

Section Seven:Custom45

Section Eight:Sources of American Law Worthy of Special Mention48

A．Statute Law48

B．Constitution as a Source50

C．Treaties（条约）and International Agreements50

D．Administrative Law（行政法）51

E．Compilations and Consolidations of Laws52

F．Court Rules52

G．Uniform State Law52

H．Secondary Authority53

I．Restatement of Law:Nature and Status54

J．View of Formalism（形式主义）versus Realism（现实主义）as to What Counts as Law55

K．Authoritative and Effective Decision as a Source55

L．Integration of All Sources of Law-Generating Actions and Decisions57

Section Nine:Reason as a Source(of Law)58

Chapter Three:The Common Law61

Section One:Historical Development of the Common Law61

A．First,The Anglo-Saxon Period（盎格鲁—撒克逊时代）（Preceding the Norman Conquest,1066）62

B．Second,Formation of the Common Law(1066-1485)：From Writs（令状）to Actions on the Case62

C．Third Period:Growth of Equity（衡平法）（1485-1832）64

D．Fourth Period:The Modern Period67

Section Two:Special Characteristics of English Law of English Law69

A．Distinct Characteristics of English Common Law69

B．Courts Decide Fate of Statutes through Interpretation73

C．Courts Apply Principles Derived from Statutes73

Section Three:Certain Characteristics of the Common Law Authority73

Section Four:Sources of the British Common Law75

Section Five:Importance of Legal Structure,Defining Categories and Concepts75

Section Six:English Judicial Organization76

Section Seven:Judicial Authority in England78

Section Eight:Form and Content of English Judgments79

Chapter Four:Legal System and Foundation of Law of the United States81

Section One:General Remark81

Section Two:Reasons for Choice of Focus82

Section Three:Spirit and Fundamental Characteristics of American Law and Society83

A．Liberty,Rights,and Government by Consent84

B．Individualism,Competing Values,and Personal Choice84

C．Distrust of Government:Separation and Limitation of Powers,Checks and Balances（政府机关彼此之间的相互制衡），Political Accountability,and the Bill of Rights84

D．Pragmatism in Law（法律的实用主义）86

E．Government under the Rule of Law87

F．Tolerance88

G．Optimism89

H．Unity out of Diversity（差异带来的统一或联合）90

I．Diversity as Divisiveness（差异引起的分歧）：Disquieting Factors and Troubling Voices（不安定因素和声音）91

J．American Greed91

K．Corporate Bonuses,Compensations and Other Perks and Imprudence92

L．A Nation of Excessive and Cheap Credit and Voracious Debtors93

Section Four:Basic Constitutional and Political Structure93

Section Five:Division and Limits of Legal Authority of the United States95

A．Originality of American Law96

B．Place of Statute in American Law:the Abnormal or Excessive Attitude toward Statute96

Section Six:Allocation of Legal Authority between Federal and State Governments97

A．Inherent Legal Authority of the States97

B．Jurisdiction of Federal Law versus Jurisdiction of State Law97

C．Supremacy Clause99

D．Preemption Controversies（优先适用争议）99

E．Derivative Principle of Preemption Clause（优先适用条款的派生原则）100

F．Continued Importance of State and Local Law100

Section Seven:Judicial Organization100

A．Organization of Courts100

B．Administrative Agencies and Tribunals（行政机关和行政法庭）101

C．State Courts（州法院）102

D．Jury102

Section Eight:Allocation of Judicial Authority103

A．General Allocation103

B．Two Primary Bases of Federal Jurisdiction103

C．Structure Parallel Systems of Adjudication:Judicial Dualism（司法二元主义）104

D．Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act（外国主权豁免法），28 U.S.C,Para.1330104

E．Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court105

Section Nine:Reception of the Common Law in the United States106

A．Ignorance and Slight of the Common Law107

B．Influence of the Codification Movement107

C．Triumph of the Common Law108

Section Ten:Is There a United States Common Law or a Distinct Common Law for Each State Individually109

A．Different Social and Economic Conditions Produced Diverse Common Law109

B．The Common Law Develops Along the Same Line and Way as Legislation:Federal and State110

C．Complicating Factors110

Section Eleven:The Cohesion and Unity of American Law112

Section Twelve:Unifying State Common Laws—Role of State and not Federal Courts116

Section Thirteen:Codification of American Common Law117

Section Fourteen:A Systematic Statement of the Common Law118

Section Fifteen:Protection from the Burdens of Multi-State Legal Authority118

A．Tradition of Uniform Laws118

B．Constitutional Limit on the Reach of State Court Jurisdiction and Choice of Law120

C．Negative Commerce Clause121

Chapter Five:Case Law:Form,Nature and Function of Judicial Decisions123

Section One:Form and Content of Judicial Decisions123

Section Two:The Judicial Function124

Section Three:Meaning and Scope of the Rule of Precedent in British Law125

Section Four:Doctrine of Stare Decisis and its Justification126

Section Five:The Doctrine of Stare Decisis and Ratio Decidendi or Holding of a Case126

Section Six:Transforming Facts into Binding Legal Rules127

Section Seven:In Search of an Ideal Holding or Ratio Decidendi of a Case128

Section Eight:Rule of Precedent and Statute Law129

Section Nine:Obiter Dictum:Definition and Clarification130

Section Ten:Ratio,Obiter,and Principle:Distinction or Confluence(Conflation)130

Section Eleven:Doctrine of Stare Decisis in United States Law132

Section Twelve:The Overriding Importance of the Opinions of the Appellate Courts133

Section Thirteen:Factors Likely to Figure in Distinguishing Decisions133

Section Fourteen:Opposing Treatments of Precedents134

Section Fifteen:To Distinguish or to Overrule（推翻先例）135

Section Sixteen:Multi-legged Holding136

Section Seventeen:The Retroactive Effect（追溯力）of Application of Judicial Decisions136

Section Eighteen:Contradiction and Tension between Predictability and Hard Cases（疑难案件）140

Section Nineteen:More Characterizations of the Common Law141

Section Twenty:Is the Common Law a Living Law143

Section Twenty-one:The Common Law—Vitality,Staying Power,and Continuing Relevance144

Section Twenty-two:Common Law in the Welfare State of the Twentieth Century—the Age of Statutes146

Chapter Six:United States Law in Action（诉讼中的）：the Operative and Interactive Dynamics148

Section One:The Defining Character and Spirit of Anglo-American Law149

Section Two:The Contrast between Law in Action and Law in Book149

Section Three:Sites,Sources,and Manifestations of Law and Legal System in Action:State and Non-state154

Section Four:The Life of Law in Common Law America:Selective Accounts of the Interactive Dynamics of Elite Power Decisions159

A．Check and Balance:The Overriding Principle of Interactivity（互动性原则）160

B．Exemplary Interactive Relationships Between the President,the Congress,the Court and the States160

C．Life and Fate of Legislation165

D．Judicial Attitude toward Legislation:The Legal Standing or Status of Legislation in the Legal System167

E．Place of Statute in American Law168

F．Transforming Statutes into Common Law:The Life of Statute Takes on the Form of the Common Law169

G．Nature and Content of the United States Code170

H．Constitutional Activism of the Judiciary170

I．Measures Taken to Counter Anti-democratic（反民主的）or Unpopular Judicial Review175

J．Life and Fate of a Common Law Rule or a Common Law Case177

K．Role of Lawyers in Shaping Judicial Law179

L．Transforming Judicial Law by Legislative Decision or Executive Action180

M．Judges and Judge-made Law versus Legislatures and Legislation181

N．Scholarly Rendering and Exposition of Legislation183

O．Formation of Leading Cases（援引的判例）：the Role and Contribution of Jurists184

P．Scholars and Scholar's Law versus Judges and Judicial Law184

Q．Inherent Self-contradiction and Internal Creative Destruction of Legislative,Executive and Judicial Authority187

R．Some Anecdotal Observations of the United States Legal System in Action188

R．The Democratic Process of United States Law in Action190

S．Conclusion—Some Tentative Ideas on What Count as Law in General and Anglo-American Law in Particular192

Section Five:Some Critical Observations on the Law of the United States in Action:Phenomenon of Idealization of Law（法律的理想化），Juridification Saturation（法律的饱和）of Society and Hypertrophying of Law and Legal Reason193

Section Six:Modes and Levels of Dispute Resolution195

Section Seven:Critique of the Efficiently Processed Dispute Theory and its Notorious Conclusions197

Section Eight:In Search of an Emerging Law201

Chapter Seven:Good Legal System,Good Laws,and Good Decision-makers Lawyers212

Section One:Legal System and System of Law Distinguished212

Section Two:Good Legal System Produces Good Laws214

A．The Formal and Procedural Requirements for a Good Legal System215

B．Legal Proceduralism216

Section Three:Good Law Informs Good Legal System218

A．Substantive Moral Requirements for a Good Legal System218

B．Democratic Foundation and Spirit of Law and Legal System221

C．Democratizing Law-making(Authoritative and Effective Decision)Process224

D．Open and Transparent Decision-making227

E．Right to Know and Freedom of Access to Information231

F．Elite Powers and Democracy233

G．Equality before the Law:Equal Protection of the Law234

H．Timely Access to the Court238

I．Non-retroactive Application of Legislation241

Section Four:The Virtue of Legal Simplicity242

A．General242

B．Some Defining Elements of Legal Simplicity249

Section Five:The Falsity of Legal Complexity249

Section Six:Private Ordering versus State Law256

Section Seven:Transnational Components of the National Legal System260

Section Eight:Human Elements of a Good Legal System and Good Law264

A．Rule of Law versus Rule of Man264

B．Good Lawyer,Good Legal System and Good Laws271

C．American Law Schools and Legal Education276

D．The Conditions and Requirements of A Good Judge286

E．Condition and Requirements of A Good Politician299

F．Condition and Requirements of A Good Legal Scholar（法学学者）or Jurist318

G．Conditions and Requirements of a Good Citizen321

H．Conditions and Requirements of a Good Corporate Citizen329

Chapter Eight:Legal Reason and Executing Decision340

Law and Legal Reason343

A．Nature of Legal Reason344

B．Content or Material Bases of Legal Reason346

C．Distinctive Nature and Superior Status of Reason349

D．Reason and Discretionary Decision353

E．Allure and Rick of Legal Reason354

F．Evaluation and Balancing of Reason357

G．Authoritative and Effective Decisions and Justifying Reason359

H．Truth and Myth of Judicial Reason360

I．Moral,Epistemological Pluralism,and Incommensurability365

J．Limits of Legal Reason and Limits of Knowledge368

K．Reason Runs out369

L．Subjective versus Objective Reason372

M．Reason,Faith,and Other Belief Systems373

N．Belief in Disguise of Reason376

O．Legal Reason is a Noble Scam:The Self-Referential Nature of Law and Legal Reason378

P．Beyond Reason,beyond Law;without Reason,without Law381

Q．Law,Reason and Deep,Divisive Social Issues384

R．Critique of Cynicism,Defeatism and Self-denial of Law and Reason—"As If Jurisprudence"386

S．Doubters'Law and Legal Reason387

T．Truth in Law and Reason388

U．Emotion Figures Large in Political and Moral Decision-Making Process393

V．Defending and Redeeming Reason394

W．Re-imagine and Re-conceptualize Law and Reason397