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Figure 1-1 Annual Growth Rates of GDP and Public and Private Investment in Japan8

Figure 1-2 Annual Changes in Ratios of Public and Private Investment to GDP in Japan9

Figure 1-3 Annual Growth Changes in GDP and Public and Private Investment in the US16

Figure 1-4 Annual Changes in Ratios of Public and Private Investment to GDP in the US17

Figure 2-1 Changes in the Natural Logarithm Values ofthe Variables30

Figure 2-2 Impulse Function Analysis41

Figure 2-3 Error Variance Decomposition Analysis42

Figure 4-1 Comparisons ofEach Item between Japan and the US(Growth Rates)83

Figure 6-1 Log-values ofthe Variables123

Figure 8-1 Effects of Commodity Taxation 5%(Case 1)177

Figure 8-2 Effects of Labor Taxation 5%and Capital Taxation 5%(Case 2)177

Figure 8-3 Effects of Commodity Taxation 10%(Case 3)178

Figure 8-4 Effects of Labor Taxation 10%and Capital Taxation 10%(Case 4)178

Figure 8-5 Influences on Capital Price179

Figure 8-6 Influences on Labor Price179

Figure 8-7 Influences on Labor Supply180

Figure 8-8 Influences on Capital Supply180

Figure 8-9 Influences on Consumer Utility181

Figure 9-1 Changes in Amounts ofExports and Tax Rebates and Foreign Exchange Rates (1985-2007)192

Figure 9-2 Changes in the Variables(the Growth Rates)(1986-2007)193

Table 1-1 Performances of Public and Private Investment and GDP in Japan(%)8

Table 1-2 Result of Unit Root Tests for the Japanese Data(1958-1997)11

Table 1-3 Result of Johansen Co-integration Tests for the Japanese Data(1958-1997)12

Table 1-4 Empirical Estimation for the Japanese Data(1958-1997)13

Table 1-5 Performances of Public and Private Investment and GDP in the US(%)15

Table 1-6 Group Unit Root Tests in Levels for the US Data(1958-1997)18

Table 1-7 Empirical Estimation by OLS Based on the US Data(1958-1997)19

Table 1-8 Empirical Estimation by GMM Based on the Japanese Sub-samples Data20

Table 1-9 Empirical Estimates by OLS for the US Sub-samples Data21

Table 1-10 Pairwise Granger Causality Tests22

Table 2-1 Result of Unit Root Tests31

Table 2-2 Result of Johansen Co-integration Tests at Lag Order Two32

Table 2-3 Result of Johansen Co-integration Tests at Lag Order Six32

Table 2-4 Vector Error Correction Estimation36

Table 2-5 Granger Causality Tests43

Table 3-1 Ratios of the Authorized Ones to Total Patent Applications(2002)(%)54

Table 3-2 Ratios of R ＆ D Expenditure to GDP in Different Countries55

Table 3-3 R ＆ D Activities in Different Countries(2004)56

Table 3-4 R ＆ D Activities in China58

Table 3-5 Shares of Different Funds for Scientific and Technological Activities(%)59

Table 3-6 Impacts of R ＆ D Activities on Patent Outputs62

Table 3-7 Relationship of Different Funds for Scientific and Technological Activities and Patent Outputs64

Table 3-8 Relationship of Patent Outputs and Production Outputs65

Table 4-1 Plain OLS,Within and Variance Components Estimates85

Table 4-2 Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimates86

Table 5-1 Result of Unit Root Tests98

Table 5-2 Result of Johansen Co-integration Test98

Table 5-3 Estimation by OLS(1968-1989)99

Table 5-4 Estimation by OLS(1968-1998)100

Table 5-5 Estimation by OLS including a Dummy Variable(1968-1998)101

Table 5-6 Estimation by Seemingly Unrelated Regression(1968-1998)102

Table 5-7 Estimation by OLS(1967-1998)104

Table 5-8 Estimation by Full Information Maximum Likelihood(1968-1998)105

Table 5-9 Estimation by Full Information Maximum Likelihood(1968-1998)106

Table 5-10 Estimation of(5.29)by OLS111

Table 5-11 Estimation of(5.29)by GLS112

Table 5-12 Estimation of(5.30)by OLS113

Table 5-13 Estimation of(5.31)by OLS113

Table 5-14 Estimation of(5.32a)and(5.32b)by Seemingly Unrelated Regression115

Table 6-1 Ordinary Least Square(OLS)Estimation(1965-2000)124

Table 6-2 Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity(ARCH)Estimation(1965-1989)125

Table 6-3 Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity(ARCH)Estimation(1965-2000)126

Table 6-4 Seemingly Unrelated Regression Estimation(SUR)(1965-2000)127

Table 7-1 General Situation of China's Government Procurement(2001-2004)145

Table 7-2 Basic Statistics for the Panel Data146

Table 7-3 Effects on General Fiscal Money Saving(gfs)149

Table 7-4 Effects on Budgetary Money Saving(bfs)151

Table 7-5 Effects on General Fiscal Money Saving Ratio(rgfs)152

Table 7-6 Effects on Budgetary Money Saving Ratio(rbfs)154

Table 8-1 Social Accounting Matrix Data173

Table 9-1 Pay-off Matrix of Export Enterprise and Tax Authority189

Table 9-2 The Results ofADF and P-P Unit Root Tests194

Table 9-3 Estimated Results ofEquation(9.1)by OLS196

Table 9-4 Estimated Results ofEquation(9.2)by OLS198

Table 9-5 Estimated Results ofEquation(9.2)by GARCH(model)198

PART Ⅰ Empirical Estimation on the Effects of Public-sector Activities on Economic Growth1

Chapter 1 A Comparative Analysis of the Relationship between Public and Private Investment and Economic Growth3

1.1 Introduction3

1.2 Theoretical Framework6

1.3 Empirical Analysis7

1.3.1 GMM Estimation7

1.3.2 OLS Estimation14

1.4 Some Confirmation20

1.5 Conclusion23

Appendix for Chapter 125

Chapter 2 A Simple VECM Estimation on the Interactions among Public and Private Capital Investment,Innovation Investment and Economic Growth26

2.1 Introduction27

2.2 Data and Unit Root Tests and Co-integration Tests29

2.3 Vector Error Correction Model(VECM)33

2.4 Empirical Estimation34

2.4.1 Estimated Result34

2.4.2 Impulse Response Function and Variance Decomposition Analysis40

2.4.3 Granger Causality Tests41

2.5 Conclusion44

References for Chapters 1 and 245

Chapter 3 Innovative Inputs,Patent and Production Outputs50

3.1 Introduction51

3.2 Comparison of Technological Innovation Activities53

3.3 Empirical Analysis57

3.3.1 Data57

3.3.2 Relationship of lnnovative Inputs and Patent Outputs61

3.3.3 Relationship of Patent and Production Outputs65

3.4 Conclusion66

References for Chapter 367

PART Ⅱ Empirical Estimation on the Effects of Public-sector Activities on Private Consumption69

Chapter 4 Effects of Government Consumption and Public Debt on Private Consumption:An Augmented Consumption Function Estimation71

4.1 Introduction72

4.2 Previous Empirical Studies74

4.3 Empirical Analysis79

4.3.1 An Augmented Consumption Function79

4.3.2 Econometric Issues80

4.3.3 Data82

4.3.4 Empirical Estimation and Its Result84

4.4 Conclusion88

Notes for Chapter 488

Chapter 5 Effects of Current Government Activities on Private Consumption:An Euler Equation Estimation91

5.1 Introduction92

5.2 "Effective"Consumption Theory and Euler Equation93

5.2.1 Barro's "Effective"Consumption Theory93

5.2.2 Euler Equation and Its Incorporation with the"Effective"Consumption Theory94

5.3 Data97

5.4 Empirical Analysis99

5.5 Comparison to Aschauer's Estimation(1985)103

5.6 Conclusion108

Notes for Chapter 5109

Chapter 6 Effects of Government Activities on Private Consumption:A Further Euler Equation Estimation116

6.1 Introduction117

6.2 Incorporate"Effective"Consumption Theory with Euler Equation119

6.2.1 "Effective"Consumption Theory119

6.2.2 Euler Equation and Its Incorporation with the Developed"Effective"Consumption Theory121

6.3 Empirical Analysis123

6.4 Conclusion129

References for Chapters 4-6130

PART Ⅲ Empirical Estimation on the Effects of Public-sector Activities on Economic Efficiency137

Chapter 7 Empirical Estimation on the Performance of Government Procurement System Reform in China139

7.1 Introduction140

7.2 Fiscal Money Saving Function143

7.3 Data144

7.4 Panel Model and Its Estimation147

7.5 Conclusion156

References for Chapter 7157

Chapter 8 Commodity Taxation and Economic Efficiency—An Estimation of CGE Models159

8.1 Introduction160

8.2 Theory on Optimal Commodity Taxation161

8.2.1 The Classical Ramsey Rule161

8.2.2 Ramsey Rule with Many Households163

8.2.3 Some Argument on Rarnsey Rule165

8.3 Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Models166

8.3.1 MPSGE Static Analysis166

8.3.2 Dynamic Analysis170

8.4 Simulations172

8.4.1 Procedures173

8.4.2 Simulation Result176

8.5 Conclusion181

References for Chapter 8182

Chapter 9 Are Export Tax Rebate Adjustments Effective in China?184

9.1 Introduction185

9.2 Static Game Model Analysis188

9.3 Data Analysis191

9.4 Empirical Analysis195

9.5 Conclusion199

References for Chapter 9201