环境科学与工程原理PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本下载

环境科学与工程原理PDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

1 Introduction1

1-1 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE?2

Quantitative Environmental Science2

Natural Science2

Environmental Science2

1-2 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING?3

1-3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE3

Engineering3

Environmental Engineering3

1-4 HOW ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENTISTS WORK TOGETHER4

A Short Outline of This Book5

Where Do We Start?5

1-5 INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE5

1-6 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS OVERVIEW6

Systems as Such6

Le Système International d'Unités6

Water Resource Management System7

Solid Waste Management11

Air Resource Management System11

Multimedia Systems13

Preface13

Sustainability13

1-7 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION13

Water Quality Management14

Wildlife and Habitat Protection14

Acknowledgments14

Environmental Policy14

About the Authors15

About the Cover Artist16

Air Quality Management18

Noise Pollution Control21

Solid Waste Management22

Hazardous Waste Management23

Atomic Energy and Radiation Management24

1-8 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS25

Case 2:You Can't Do Everything At Once26

Case 1:To Add or Not to Add26

Discussion Questions27

Chapter Review27

References29

Additional Reading29

2 Chemistry31

Atoms,Elements,and the Periodic Table32

2-2 BASIC CHEMICAL CONCEPTS32

2-1 INTRODUCTION32

Chemical Bonds and Intermolecular Forces33

The Mole,Molar Units,and Activity Units35

Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry36

Chemical Equilibrium43

Reaction Kinetics55

2-3 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY59

Alkanes,Alkenes,and Alkynes60

Aryl(Aromatic)Compounds61

Physical Properties of Water62

2-4 WATER CHEMISTRY62

Functional Groups and Classes of Compounds62

States of Solution Impurities63

Concentration Units in Aqueous Solutions or Suspensions64

Buffers67

2-5 SOIL CHEMISTRY73

2-6 ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY74

Fundamentals of Gases76

Chapter Review78

Problems79

Additional Reading84

Discussion Questions84

Reference85

3 Materials and Energy Balances87

Fundamentals88

3-3 MATERIALS BALANCES88

3-1 INTRODUCTION88

3-2 UNIFYING THEORIES88

Conservation of Matter88

Conservation of Energy88

Conservation of Matter and Energy88

Time as a Factor90

More Complex Systems91

Efficiency93

The State of Mixing97

Including Reactions99

Reactors103

Reactor Analysis104

Fundamentals112

First Law of Thermodynamics112

3-4 ENERGY BALANCES112

Second Law of Thermodynamics120

Chapter Review122

Problems123

References127

Additional Reading127

Discussion Questions127

4 Ecosystems129

4-2 HUMAN INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEMS130

4-1 INTRODUCTION130

4-3 ENERGY AND MASS FLOW131

Bioaccumulation136

Carbon Cycle138

4-4 NUTRIENT CYCLES138

Nitrogen Cycle140

Phosphorus Cycle141

Sulfur Cycle143

4-5 POPULATION DYNAMICS144

Bacterial Population Growth145

Animal Population Dynamics148

Human Population Dynamics152

4-6 LAKES:AN EXAMPLE OF MASS AND ENERGY CYCLING IN AN ECOSYSTEM155

Stratification and Turnover in Deep Lakes156

Biological Zones158

Lake Productivity159

Eutrophication162

Chapter Review164

4-7 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS TO PROTECT ECOSYSTEMS164

Problems165

Additional Reading167

Discussion Questions167

References168

5 Risk Perception,Assessment,and Management169

5-2 RISK PERCEPTION170

5-1 INTRODUCTION170

Data Collection and Evaluation173

5-3 RISK ASSESSMENT173

Toxicity Assessment174

Exposure Assessment179

Risk Characterization184

5-4 RISK MANAGEMENT185

Problems186

Chapter Review186

Discussion Questions187

References188

Additional Reading188

6 Hydrology189

The Hydrological Cycle190

6-1 FUNDAMENTALS OF HYDROLOGY190

Precipitation198

6-2 MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION,EVAPORATION,INFILTRATION,ANDSTREAMFLOW198

Evaporation200

Infiltration203

Streamflow206

6-3 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY208

Aquifers209

6-4 GROUNDWATER FLOW213

6-5 SURFACE WATER AND GROUNDWATER AS A WATER SUPPLY217

Chapter Review218

Problems219

Additional Reading220

Discussion Questions220

7 Geological and Soil Resources221

7-2 THE ROCK CYCLE222

7-1 INTRODUCTION222

Precipitation223

Sedimentary Processes223

7-3 MINERAL CONCENTRATION223

Igneous Activity223

Weathering223

Reserves224

7-4 ROCK AND MINERAL RESOURCES224

Environmental Impacts225

Resource Conservation227

7-5 ENERGY RESOURCES229

Petroleum Formation230

Coal Formation230

Fossil Fuel Reserves231

Nuclear Energy232

Environmental Impacts233

Alternative Energy Sources236

Terrain Effects236

Energy Conservation239

Soil Components242

Weathering242

7-6 SOIL FORMATION AND PROPERTIES242

Soil Properties247

Plant Production251

Energy Storage251

7-7 SOIL RESOURCES251

Nutrient Cycling253

7-8 PARAMETERS OF SUSTAINABILITY253

Soil Salinity254

Soil Acidity254

Texture and Structure255

Soil Management256

Soil Erosion256

7-9 SOIL CONSERVATION256

Chapter Review260

Problems261

Discussion Questions263

References264

Additional Reading264

8 Water Quality Management265

Point Sources266

8-2 WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR SOURCES266

8-1 INTRODUCTION266

Nutrients267

Oxygen-Demanding Material267

Nonpoint Sources267

Salts268

Suspended Solids268

Pathogenic Organisms268

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals269

Toxic Metals and Toxic Organic Compounds269

Arsenic270

8-3 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN RIVERS271

Heat271

Biochemical Oxygen Demand272

Effect of Oxygen-Demanding Wastes on Rivers272

Laboratory Measurement of Biochemical Oxygen Demand276

Additional Notes on Biochemical Oxygen Demand279

Nitrogen Oxidation280

DO Sag Curve282

Effect of Nutrients on Water Quality in Rivers297

Control of Phosphorus in Lakes298

8-4 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN LAKES298

Acidification of Lakes302

8-5 WATER QUALITY IN ESTUARIES307

8-6 WATER QUALITY IN OCEANS309

Contaminant Migration in Groundwaters312

8-7 GROUNDWATER QUALITY312

Chapter Review316

Problems317

Discussion Questions320

References321

Additional Reading321

9 Water Treatment323

9-1 INTRODUCTION324

Water Quality325

Microbiological Characteristics326

Chemical Characteristics326

Physical Characteristics326

Water Quality Standards327

Radiological Characteristics327

Water Classification and Treatment Systems328

Colloid Stability and Destabilization330

9-2 RAPID MIXING,FLOCCULATION,AND COAGULATION330

Coagulants331

Mixing and Flocculation334

Hardness337

9-3 SOFTENING337

Lime-Soda Softening342

Ion-Exchange Softening345

Overview347

9-4 SEDIMENTATION347

Determination of Settling Velocity(vs)348

Determination of Overflow Rate(vo)350

9-5 FILTRATION351

Disinfection Kinetics354

9-6 DISINFECTION354

Disinfectants and Disinfection By-Products355

Chlorine Dioxide356

Chlorine Reactions in Water356

Membrane Processes357

9-7 OTHER TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR DRINKING WATER357

Ozonation357

Ultraviolet Radiation357

Aeration358

Carbon Adsorption358

Advanced OxidationProcesses(AOPs)358

9-8 WATER PLANT RESIDUALS MANAGEMENT359

Mass-Balance Analysis360

Sludge Treatment361

Ultimate Disposal365

Chapter Review366

Problems367

Additional Reading369

Discussion Questions369

References370

10 Wastewater Treatment371

Physical Characteristics372

10-2 CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER372

10-1 INTRODUCTION372

Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater373

Chemical Characteristics373

Alternative On-Site Treatment and Disposal Systems with Water375

10-3 ON-SITE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS375

On-Site Treatment and Disposal Systems for Unfavorable Site Conditions378

Alternative On-Site Treatment-Disposal Systems Without Water381

Other On-Site Treatment and Disposal Options381

Pretreatment of Industrial Wastes383

10-4 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS383

Grit Chambers384

Bar Racks384

10-5 UNIT OPERATIONS OF PRETREATMENT384

Equalization386

Comminutors386

10-6 PRIMARY TREATMENT390

Classification of Microorganisms391

Role of Microorganisms391

10-7 UNIT PROCESSES OF SECONDARY TREATMENT391

Overview391

Bacterial Biochemistry392

Some Organisms of Interest in Wastewater Treatment392

Decomposition of Waste393

Population Dynamics395

Trickling Filters396

Activated Sludge398

Oxidation Ponds409

Rotating Biological Contactors411

10-8 DISINFECTION412

Carbon Adsorption413

Filtration413

10-9 ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT413

Phosphorus Removal414

Nitrogen Control415

Slow Rate416

10-10 LAND TREATMENT416

Overland Flow417

Sources and Characteristics of Various Sludges418

10-11 SLUDGE TREATMENT418

Rapid Infiltration418

Solids Computations419

Sludge Treatment Processes421

Utilization427

Dedicated Land Disposal(DLD)427

10-12 SLUDGE DISPOSAL427

Ultimate Disposal427

Land Spreading427

Landfilling427

Chapter Review428

Sludge Disposal Regulations428

Problems429

Additional Reading432

Discussion Questions432

References433

11 Air Pollution435

Relativity436

Pressure Relationships and Units of Measure436

11-1 AIR POLLUTION PERSPECTIVE436

11-2 FUNDAMENTALS436

11-3 AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS437

Adiabatic Expansion and Compression437

Effects on Materials440

11-4 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS440

Effects on Vegetation441

Effects on Health443

Carbon Monoxide447

11-5 ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIR POLLUTANTS447

Nitrogen Dioxide448

Lead448

Hazardous Air Pollutants(HAPs)448

Sulfur Oxides449

Photochemical Oxidants449

Indoor Air Pollution451

11-6 MICRO AND MACRO AIR POLLUTION451

Particulates451

Acid Rain454

Ozone Depletion455

Global Warming457

The Atmospheric Engine458

11-7 AIR POLLUTION METEOROLOGY458

Turbulence459

Stability460

Terrain Effects462

Factors Affecting Dispersion of Air Pollutants464

11-8 ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION464

Dispersion Modeling465

11-9 INDOOR AIR QUALITY MODEL471

Gaseous Pollutants472

11-10 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF STATIONARY SOURCES472

Control Technologies for Nitrogen Oxides476

Flue Gas Desulfurization476

Particulate Pollutants477

Engine Fundamentals481

11-11 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF MOBILE SOURCES481

Control of Automobile Emissions482

11-12 WASTE MINIMIZATION483

Chapter Review484

Problems485

Additional Reading486

Discussion Questions486

References487

12 Solid Waste Engineering489

Magnitude of the Problem490

12-1 PERSPECTIVE490

12-2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID WASTE491

12-4 SOLID WASTE COLLECTION494

12-3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT494

Background and Perspective495

12-5 WASTE AS RESOURCE495

Recycling497

Green Chemistry and Green Engineering497

Composting500

Source Reduction501

Combustion Processes502

12-6 SOLID WASTE REDUCTION502

Types of Incinerators504

Public Health and Environmental Issues506

12-7 DISPOSAL BY SANITARY LANDFILL507

Other Thermal Treatment Processes507

Site Selection508

Operation509

Leachate511

Environmental Considerations511

Methane and Other Gas Production515

Landfill Design518

Chapter Review519

Landfill Closure519

Problems520

Discussion Questions521

References522

Additional Reading522

13 Hazardous Waste Management525

Dioxins and PCBs526

13-1 THE HAZARD526

13-2 EPA'S HAZARDOUS WASTE DESIGNATION SYSTEM528

Cradle-to-Grave Concept529

Congressional Actions on Hazardous Waste529

13-3 RCRA AND HSWA529

Generator Requirements531

Transporter Regulations532

Treatment,Storage,and Disposal Requirements533

Underground Storage Tanks535

The Hazard Ranking System536

The National Priority List536

13-4 CERCLA AND SARA536

The Superfund Law536

The National Contingency Plan537

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act538

Liability538

Waste Minimization539

13-5 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT539

Recycling542

Waste Exchange542

Biological Treatment543

13-6 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES543

Chemical Treatment545

Physical/Chemical Treatment548

Incineration553

Stabilization-Solidification559

The Secure Landfill560

Land Treatment560

13-7 LAND DISPOSAL560

Deep Well Injection560

EPA's Groundwater Remediation Procedure564

The Process of Contamination564

13-8 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AND REMEDIATION564

Mitigation and Treatment566

Chapter Review568

Problems569

Discussion Questions573

References574

Additional Reading574

14 Agriculture and the Environment577

Water Use578

14-2 DEPLETION OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER RESOURCES578

14-1 INTRODUCTION578

Land Subsidence579

14-3 SOIL EROSION580

Salinization583

14-4 WATER QUALITY583

Nutrients585

Pesticides587

Malodorous Compounds591

Ammonia Emissions591

14-5 AIR QUALITY591

Particulate Emissions591

Greenhouse Gases592

Manure Handling and Storage593

14-6 ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT593

Effects on the Ozone Layer593

Pesticides593

Best Management Practices594

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations594

Chapter Review595

Manure Application595

Problems596

Discussion Questions597

References598

Additional Reading598

15 Noise Pollution599

15-1 INTRODUCTION600

Properties of Sound Waves601

Sound Power and Intensity602

Levels and the Decibel603

Characterization of Noise605

The Hearing Mechanism609

15-2 EFFECTS OF NOISE ON PEOPLE609

Normal Hearing612

Hearing Impairment614

Speech Interference616

Damage-Risk Criteria616

Annoyance617

Sleep Interference618

Effects on Performance619

The LN Concept620

Goals of a Noise-Rating System620

Acoustic Privacy620

15-3 RATING SYSTEMS620

The Leq Concept621

Transportation Noise622

15-4 COMMUNITY NOISE SOURCES AND CRITERIA622

Other Internal Combustion Engines623

Construction Noise624

Zoning and Siting Considerations625

Inverse Square Law626

15-5 TRANSMISSION OF SOUND OUTDOORS626

Levels to Protect Health and Welfare626

Directivity628

Radiation Fields of a Sound Source628

Airborne Transmission629

Source-Path-Receiver Concept633

15-7 NOISE CONTROL633

15-6 TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION633

Leq Prediction633

Ldn Prediction633

Control of Noise Source by Design634

Noise Control in the Transmission Path635

Protect the Receiver637

Control of Noise Source by Redress637

Chapter Review638

Problems639

Discussion Questions641

References642

Additional Reading642

16 Ionizing Radiation643

Atomic Structure644

16-1 FUNDAMENTALS644

Radioactivity and Radiation645

Radioactive Decay647

Fission650

Radioisotopes650

The Production of X-Rays651

Radiation Dose653

16-2 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION654

Determinants of Biological Effects655

Sequential Pattern of Biological Effects655

Delayed Effects657

Relation of Dose to Type of Acute Radiation Syndrome657

Acute Effects657

Genetic Effects659

16-3 RADIATION STANDARDS661

Natural Background663

External and Internal Radiation Hazards663

16-4 RADIATION EXPOSURE663

16-5 RADIATION PROTECTION665

Radioactive Wastes665

X-Rays665

Radionuclides665

Nuclear Reactor Operations665

Reduction of External Radiation Hazards666

Reduction of Internal Radiation Hazards670

Waste Isolation Pilot Plant672

Management of High-Level Radioactive Waste672

16-6 RADIOACTIVE WASTE672

Types of Waste672

Management of Low-Level Radioactive Waste673

Long-Term Management and Containment676

Chapter Review678

Problems679

References680

Additional Reading680

Discussion Questions680

AppendixA Properties of Air,Water,and Selected Chemicals681

Index690