纳米材料基础 双语版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本下载

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1.Introduction to Nanoscale Materials1

1.1 Introduction to the nanoworld1

1.2 Definition of nanoscale materials1

1.2.1 Nanometer1

1.2.2 Definition of nanoscale materials2

1.3 Classification of nanoscale materials3

1.3.1 According to the spatial dimensionof materials3

1.3.2 According to the quantumproperties of materials4

1.3.3 According to material properties12

1.3.4 According to the shape and chemical composition12

1.4 Nanoscale science and technology17

1.5 Driven by industrial revolution17

1.6 Fundamental limitations of present technologies18

1.7 Molecular electronics18

1.8 Technical challenges in future18

1.9 Applications of nanomaterials20

1.9.1 Water purification20

1.9.2 Nanocatalysts20

1.9.3 Nanosensors20

1.9.4 Energy21

1.9.5 Medical applications21

References23

Review questions25

Vocabulary25

1.纳米材料概论31

1.1 纳米世界概述31

1.2 纳米材料的定义31

1.2.1 纳米31

1.2.2 纳米材料的定义31

1.3 纳米材料的分类32

1.3.1 依据材料的空间维度分类32

1.3.2 依据材料的量子性质分类32

1.3.3 依据材料的性能分类37

1.3.4 依据形态和化学组成分类37

1.4 纳米科学与技术38

1.5 工业革命的驱动39

1.6 目前技术的基础性缺陷39

1.7 分子电子学40

1.8 未来的技术挑战40

1.9 纳米材料的应用40

1.9.1 水的净化41

1.9.2 纳米催化剂41

1.9.3 纳米传感器41

1.9.4 能源41

1.9.5 医药中的应用41

复习题43

2.Nanometer Effects of Nanoscale Materials44

2.1 Small size effec44

2.2.Quantum size effect45

2.2.1 Relationship between energy gap and particle size45

2.2.2 Application46

2.3 Surface effect47

2.4 Macroscopic quantum tunnel effect48

2.4.1 Ballistic transport48

2.4.2 Tunneling48

2.4.3 Resonance tunneling49

2.4.4 Inelastic tunneling50

2.4.5 Tunnel effect50

2.4.6 Macroscopic quantum tunnel effect50

References51

Review questions51

Vocabulary52

2.纳米材料的纳米效应52

2.1 小尺寸效应53

2.2 量子尺寸效应53

2.2.1 能隙与粒子尺寸的关系53

2.2.2 应用54

2.3 表面效应54

2.4 宏观量子隧道效应55

2.4.1 弹道传输55

2.4.2 隧穿55

2.4.3 共振隧穿55

2.4.4 非弹性隧穿55

2.4.5 隧道效应56

2.4.6 宏观量子隧道效应56

复习题56

3.Properties of Nanoscale Materials57

3.1 Mechanical properties57

3.1.1 Positive Hall-Petch slopes57

3.1.2 Negative Hall-Petch slopes57

3.1.3 Positive and negative Hall-Petch slopes58

3.2 Thermal properties59

3.3 Magnetic properties59

3.4 Electronic properties60

3.5 Optical properties62

3.5.1 Photochemical and photophysical processes of nanomaterials62

3.5.2 Absorption and luminescence spectra63

3.5.3 Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy63

References64

Review questions65

Vocabulary65

3.纳米材料的性能66

3.1 力学性能66

3.1.1 正的Hall-Petch斜率关系67

3.1.2 负的Hall-Petch斜率关系67

3.1.3 正-负Hall-Petch斜率关系67

3.2 热学性能67

3.3 磁学性能68

3.4 电学性能68

3.5 光学性能69

3.5.1 纳米材料的光化学和光物理过程69

3.5.2 吸收光谱和发光光谱69

3.5.3 紫外-可见吸收光谱70

复习题70

4.Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials71

4.1 “Top-down” and “bottom-up”approaches71

4.2 Solid phase method72

4.2.1 Mechanically milling72

4.2.2 Solid-state reaction74

4.3 Physical vapor deposition （PVD）method75

4.3.1 Thermal evaporation PVD method75

4.3.2 Plasma-asisted PVD method77

4.3.3 Laser ablation80

4.4 Chemical vapor deposition （CVD） method80

4.5 Liquid phase synthesis method82

4.5.1 Precipitation method82

4.5.2 Solvethermal method84

4.5.3 Freeze-drying method （Cryochemicalsynthesis method）88

4.5.4 Sol-gel method90

4.5.5 Microemulsions method93

4.5.6 Microwave-assisted synthesis96

4.5.7 Ultrasonic wave-assistedsynthesis97

4.6 Synthesis of bulk materials by consolidation ofnanopowders98

4.6.1 Cold compaction98

4.6.2 Warm compaction98

4.7 Template-assisted self-assembly nanostructured materials99

4.7.1 Principles of self-assembly99

4.7.2 Self-assembly of MCM-41100

4.8 Self-assembly of nanocrystals101

4.9 Synthesis and assembly of anisotropic nanoparticles102

4.9.1 Anisotropic nanoparticles with feature size102

4.9.2 Rod-like particles102

4.9.3 Preparation of various shaped Pt nanoparticles104

4.9.4 Preparation of various shaped Rh nanoparticles105

4.10 Synthesis of polymeric one dimensional nanostructures （ODNS）106

4.10.1 Electrospinning synthesis of polymer ODNS106

4.10.2 Membrane/template-based synthesis of polymer ODNS109

4.10.3 Template-free synthesis of polymer ODNS110

4.11 Green nanosynthesis111

4.11.1 Prevent wastes111

4.11.2 Atom economy112

4.11.3 Using safer solvents112

4.11.4 Enhance energy efficiency112

References112

Review questions117

Vocabulary118

4.纳米材料制备123

4.1 “自上而下”和“自下而上”的合成方法123

4.2 固相方法124

4.2.1 机械磨124

4.2.2 固相反应124

4.3 物理气相沉积法（PVD）125

4.3.1 热蒸发PVD法125

4.3.2 等离子体辅助PVD法126

4.3.3 激光消融法127

4.4 化学气相沉积法（CVD）127

4.5 液相合成方法128

4.5.1 沉淀法128

4.5.2 溶剂热法129

4.5.3 冷冻干燥法（低温化学合成法）131

4.5.4 溶胶-凝胶法132

4.5.5 微乳液方法133

4.5.6 微波辅助合成135

4.5.7 超声波辅助合成135

4.6 通过固化纳米粉合成块材136

4.6.1 冷压136

4.6.2 热压136

4.7 模板辅助自组装纳米结构材料136

4.7.1 自组装原理136

4.7.2 MCM-41自组装137

4.8 自组装纳米晶137

4.9 各向异性纳米粒子的合成和组装137

4.9.1 具有特征尺寸的各向异性纳米粒子137

4.9.2 棒状粒子138

4.9.3 各种形貌Pt纳米粒子的制备138

4.9.4 制备各种形貌的铑（Rh）纳米粒子139

4.10 一维纳米结构（ODNS）聚合物的合成139

4.10.1 电纺丝法合成一维纳米结构（ODNS）聚合物140

4.10.2 基于膜或基于模板的一维纳米结构（ODNS）聚合物的合成141

4.10.3 无模板剂的一维纳米结构（ODNS）聚合物的合成141

4.11 绿色纳米合成142

4.11.1 防止废弃物142

4.11.2 原子经济143

4.11.3 使用更安全的溶剂143

4.11.4 提高能源效率143

复习题143

5.Scanning Tunneling Microscope and Atomic Force Microscope144

5.1 Scanning tunneling microscope（STM）144

5.1.1 Basic principle of STM144

5.1.2 Operation modes145

5.1.3 Application of STM145

5.2 Atomic force microscope （AFM）146

5.2.1 Basic principle of AFM146

5.2.2 Mode of operation of AFM147

5.2.3 Application of AFM148

References149

Review questions150

Vocabulary150

5.扫描隧道显微镜和原子力显微镜151

5.1 扫描隧道显微镜（STM）151

5.1.1 STM的基本原理151

5.1.2 操作模式151

5.1.3 STM的应用151

5.2 原子力显微镜（AFM）152

5.2.1 AFM的基本原理152

5.2.2 AFM的操作模式152

5.2.3 AFM的应用153

复习题153

6.Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials154

6.1 Carbon family154

6.1.1 Graphite and diamond154

6.1.2 Allotrope of carbon154

6.2 Fullerenes155

6.2.1 Synthesis of C60155

6.2.2 Purification of fullerenes157

6.2.3 Structure of C60158

6.2.4 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy158

6.2.5 Endofullerenes159

6.2.6 Nucleophilic addition reactions160

6.2.7 Polymerization of C60160

6.2.8 Fabrication of nanocar161

6.3 Carbon nanotubes ［45］162

6.3.1 Synthesis of nanotubes162

6.3.2 Growing mechanisms166

6.3.3 Geometry of carbon nanotubes167

6.4 Graphene169

6.4.1 Properties of graphene169

6.4.2 Synthesis of gaphene170

References176

Review questions179

Vocabulary180

6.碳纳米材料的合成182

6.1 碳族182

6.1.1 石墨和金刚石182

6.1.2 碳的同素异形体182

6.2 富勒烯182

6.2.1 C60的合成183

6.2.2 富勒烯的提纯183

6.2.3 C60的结构183

6.2.4 13C核磁共振谱184

6.2.5 富勒烯包合物184

6.2.6 亲核加成反应184

6.2.7 C60的聚合反应184

6.2.8 纳米车的制造184

6.3 碳纳米管184

6.3.1 碳纳米管的合成184

6.3.2 生长机理185

6.3.3 碳纳米管的几何构型186

6.4 石墨烯186

6.4.1 石墨烯的性质187

6.4.2 石墨烯的合成187

复习题190

7.Lithography for Nanofabrication191

7.1 Microfabrication by photolithography of ultraviolet light191

7.2 Nanofabrication by scanning beam lithography194

7.2.1 Electron beam lithograph194

7.2.2 Focused ion beam lithography194

7.3 Nanoimprint lithography195

7.3.1 Nanoimprint lithography195

7.3.2 Step-and-fiash imprint lithography196

7.3.3 Microcontact printing196

7.4 Scanning probe lithography197

References199

Review questions200

Vocabulary201

7.光刻技术用于纳米制造202

7.1 紫外线光刻微制造202

7.2 扫描束刻蚀纳制造203

7.2.1 电子束刻蚀203

7.2.2 聚焦离子束刻蚀204

7.3 纳米压印刻蚀技术204

7.3.1 纳米压印刻蚀204

7.3.2 步进式闪烁压印光刻204

7.3.3 微接触印制205

7.4 扫描探针刻蚀205

复习题206

8.Nanotechnology for Production of Hydrogen by Solar Energy207

8.1 Hydrogen economy207

8.2 Hydrogen production208

8.3 Conversion of solar energy209

8.4 Hydrogen production by photocatalytic water splitting210

8.5 Loading metal over TiO2210

8.6 Development of visible-light-driven photocatalysts211

8.6.1 Loading Cr3＋over titanate nanotubes211

8.6.2 Semiconductor composition212

References216

Review questions217

Vocabulary217

8.纳米技术用于太阳能制氢218

8.1 氢能经济219

8.2 产氢219

8.3 太阳能转换219

8.4 光催化分解水制氢220

8.5 TiO2上负载金属220

8.6 可见光驱动的光催化剂的发展220

8.6.1 在钛酸盐纳米管上负载Cr3＋220

8.6.2 半导体复合材料221

复习题222