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第一部分 写作基础：写作步骤和写作标准3

1.Introduction3

1.1 The Importance of Essay Writing3

1.2 Levels of（American） College Student Essays4

1.3 Common College Essay Assignments5

1.4 The Aim and Organization of the Book6

2.How to Generate Ideas：Planning8

2.1 Find a Good Topic8

2.2 Understand a Given Topic10

2.3 Generate Ideas for a Topic13

2.4 Get a Plan for Organization16

2.5 Use Criteria to Form Strong Main Points19

3.How to Organize Ideas：Drafting26

3.1 Drafting versus Planning26

3.2 Outlining before Drafting27

3.3 Writing the Introduction28

3.4 Writing Body Paragraphs32

3.5 Writing the Conclusion38

4.How to Polish Ideas：Revising40

4.1 Be Willing to Make Changes40

4.2 Understand Writing Standards：Unity，Coherence and Support42

4.3 Revise for Better Focus and Organization49

4.4 Revise for Better Coherence52

4.5 Revise for Better Support53

4.6 Revise for Grammatical Correctness55

第二部分 分享写作61

5.Sharing Experiences：Narrating61

5.1 How to Plan for a Narrative62

5.2 How to Organize a Narrative：Narrative Structure63

5.3 How to Maintain a Clear Narrative Sequence64

5.4 How to Establish a Credible Narrator and Point of View65

5.5 How to Tell a Compelling Story66

Student Essay The Kiss68

Samuel H.Scudder “Take This Fish and Look at It”71

Edgar Allan Poe The Tell-Tale Heart76

6.Sharing Images and Impressions：Describing82

6.1 Using Objective and Subjective Description83

6.2 Describing with Sensory Details84

6.3 Describing with Figurative Language88

6.4 Creating Physical Image and Character Image89

6.5 Creating Images with Dialogue and Example90

William Spooner Donald Will Someone Please Hiccup My Pat？92

Stephen Leacock My Discovery of England96

7.Sharing Examples：Illustrating105

7.1 Consider This Example105

7.2 Illustrate a Point with Specific Examples106

7.3 Illustrate a Point with Typical Examples108

7.4 Use Both Types of Examples109

John Leo No Books，Please； We’re Students109

Samuel Johnson On the Art of Advertising113

Stephen King Ever Et Raw Meat？116

8.Sharing Ideas： Informing123

8.1 Topics for an Informative Essay123

8.2 How to Plan for an Informational Essay125

8.3 How to Organize an Informative Essay127

8.4 How to Make an Essay（More） Informative127

Student Essay Attaining Success in College129

Sherry Sweetnam How to Organize Your Thoughts for Better Communication133

Jeanine Barone Surprising Super Foods139

第三部分 认识写作149

9.Understanding Causes and Effects：Analyzing149

9.1 Understanding Analytical Skills：A Hypothetical Scenario149

9.2 Defining“Analysis”151

9.3 Analyzing for Effects152

9.4 Analyzing for Causes154

9.5 Writing about Both Effects and Causes158

Student Essay Study Habit Blues159

Jason Vest， Warren Cohen，and Mike Tharp Road Rage162

10.Understanding Similarities and Differences：Comparing and Contrasting170

10.1 Comparing for Similarities170

10.2 Contrast for Differences173

10.3 Comparing and Contrasting for a Real Purpose176

Joseph Brant Indian Civilization vs.White Civilization177

Sydney Harris The Difference between Winners and Whiners178

Lewis Carroll Feeding the Mind179

Karen Heller Is He Husband Material or a Boyfriend Kind of Guy？185

11.Understanding Types：Classifying193

11.1 How to Plan for a New Classification194

11.2 How to Formulate Clear Categories196

11.3 How to Use an Old Classification for a New Purpose196

11.4 How to Organize a Classification Essay197

Student Essay Cat Categories198

Tom Bodett Dish Demeanor201

Sigmund Freud Libidinal Types205

Margot Mifflin The Ten Most Memorable Bores210

12.Understanding Opinions：Arguing216

12.1 The Need to Argue216

12.2 How to Plan for an Argumentative Essay217

12.3 How to Argue with a Credible Persona219

12.4 How to Argue with Aristotle’s Three Appeals220

12.5 How to Avoid Logic Fallacies when Arguing223

Student Essay Let’s Drive Fifty-five228

David Segal Excuuuse Me231

Oliver Goldsmith National Prejudices236

第四部分 探研写作245

13.Exploring Literature245

13.1 Understanding Literature245

13.2 Two Methods of Literary Criticism： Explication and Analysis247

13.3 Literary Forms：the Basics248

13.4 What to Focus on When Analyzing a Novel253

13.5 How to Organize an Essay on a Novel261

Virginia Woolf What the Novelist Gives Us263

D.H.Lawrence Why the Novel Matters266

Mark Twain Extracts from Adam’s Diary272

14.Exploring Research283

14.1 Understanding Research283

14.2 Conducting Empirical Research284

14.3 Conducting Library and Internet Research289

14.4 Writing the Research Paper294

A Self-Testing Exercise on Source Use and MLA Documentation304

Laura Holupka The Sun Also Rises： A Glimpse into the Life of Ernest Hemingway306

Denise E.Macedo The Mysterious Love Life of Henry James309

Jennifer Eriguel The Three Main Themes in Henry James’ Works313

Answers and Explanations on the Self-Testing Exercise317

Appendix 附录320

Credits参考书目322