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Chapter 1 English as a global language1

1.1 The English language today1

1.1.1 English is a global language1

1.1.2 Political and economical reasons2

1.2 The demand for English2

1.2.1 The use of English2

1.2.2 The teaching of English3

1.3 The future of English3

Exercises4

Chapter 2 Lexicology and basic concepts of words and vocabulary9

2.1 The definition of English lexicology9

2.1.1 The domains of English lexicology9

2.1.2 Methods of studying of lexicology10

2.2 The definition of word11

2.3 The definition of vocabulary11

2.4 Classification of words11

2.4.1 Full word and form word11

2.4.2 Popular word and learned word12

2.4.3 Abstract word and concrete word12

2.4.4 Transparent word and opaque word12

2.4.5 Polysemic word and monosemic word12

2.4.6 Native word and loan word12

Exercises13

Chapter 3 The development of the English vocabulary16

3.1 The world languages16

3.2 Language classifications16

3.2.1 Morphological classification17

3.2.2 Structural classification17

3.3 Indo-European language family18

3.4 The historical overview of English vocabulary19

3.4.1 Old English(450-1150)19

3.4.2 Middle English(1150-1500)21

3.4.3 Modern English(1500 up to the present)22

3.5 Three main sources of new words of the present-day English vocabulary23

3.5.1 The rapid development of modern science and technology23

3.5.2 Social,economic,and political changes23

3.5.3 The influence of other cultures and languages24

3.6 Modes of the development of the English vocabulary24

3.6.1 Creation24

3.6.2 Semantic change24

3.6.3 Borrowing24

Exercises25

Chapter 4 The structure of English words30

4.1 The morphological structures of words30

4.1.1 Morphemes30

4.1.2 Morphs and allomorphs31

4.2 Types of morphemes32

4.2.1 Free morphemes33

4.2.2 Bound morphemes33

4.3 Root,stem and base35

4.3.1 Root35

4.3.2 Stem35

4.3.3 Base35

Exercises35

Chapter 5 Word-formation in English43

5.1 Affixation43

5.1.1 Prefixation43

5.1.2 Suffixation46

5.2 Compounding48

5.2.1 Noun compounds48

5.2.2 Adjective compounds49

5.2.3 Verb compounds49

5.3 Conversion50

5.3.1 Conversion to nouns50

5.3.2 Conversion to verbs51

5.3.3 Conversion to adjectives52

5.4 Blending53

5.4.1 head+tail53

5.4.2 head+head53

5.4.3 head+word53

5.4.4 word+tail53

5.5 Clipping53

5.5.1 Front clipping53

5.5.2 Back clipping54

5.5.3 Front and back clipping54

5.5.4 Phrase clipping54

5.6 Acronymy54

5.6.1 Initialisms54

5.6.2 Acronyms54

5.7 Back-formation55

5.7.1 Abstract nouns55

5.7.2 Human nouns55

5.7.3 Compound nouns and others55

5.7.4 Adjectives55

Exercises56

Chapter 6 Word meaning60

6.1 Meaning60

6.1.1 Analytical(referential)definitions of meaning60

6.1.2 Operational(contextual)definitions of meaning61

6.2 Meanings of meaning61

6.2.1 Reference61

6.2.2 Concept62

6.2.3 Sense63

6.3 Types of motivation63

6.3.1 Onomatopoeic motivation63

6.3.2 Morphological motivation64

6.3.3 Semantic motivation64

6.3.4 Etymological motivation67

6.4 Types of meaning67

6.4.1 Grammatical meaning67

6.4.2 Lexical meaning67

6.4.3 Conceptual meaning67

6.4.4 Associative meaning68

Exercises71

Chapter 7 Sense relations76

7.1 Polysemy76

7.1.1 Two approaches to polysemy76

7.1.2 Two Processes of development78

7.2 Homonymy80

7.2.1 Types of homonyms80

7.2.2 Origins of homonyms81

7.3 Synonymy81

7.3.1 Sources of synonyms83

7.3.2 Discrimination of synonyms84

7.3.3 Association and collocation87

7.4 Antonymy88

7.4.1 Types of antonyms89

7.4.2 Characteristics of antonyms and the use of antonyms90

7.5 Metonyms91

7.6 Retronyms91

7.7 Hyponymy91

7.7.1 Superordinate and subordinate terms91

7.7.2 Effect of them in use92

7.8 Semantic features92

7.8.1 Semantic property92

7.8.2 Semantic feature95

Exercises95

Chapter 8 Changes in word meaning108

8.1 Can meaning change?108

8.2 Types of changes108

8.2.1 Extension108

8.2.2 Narrowing109

8.2.3 Elevation110

8.2.4 Degradation111

8.2.5 Euphemism111

8.3 Causes of changes112

8.3.1 Linguistic factors112

8.3.2 Extra-linguistic factors112

Exercises113

Chapter 9 Meaning and context116

9.1 Types of context116

9.1.1 Linguistic context116

9.1.2 Extra-linguistic context118

9.2 Clues for inferring word meaning in context119

9.2.1 Definition119

9.2.2 Explanation119

9.2.3 Example119

9.2.4 Synonymy119

9.2.5 Antonymy120

9.2.6 Hyponymy120

9.2.7 Relevant details120

9.2.8 Word structure(Word-formation)121

Exercises121

Chapter 10 English dictionaries129

10.1 The development of dictionaries129

10.1.1 The origins of the English dictionary129

10.1.2 The first English dictionaries129

10.1.3 Modern English dictionaries130

10.2 Types of dictionaries139

10.2.1 Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries139

10.2.2 General-purpose and specific-purpose dictionaries139

10.3 Using a dictionary140

10.3.1 The dictionary entry140

10.3.2 Spelling140

10.3.3 Pronunciation141

10.3.4 Parts of speech and inflected forms of words141

10.3.5 Labels141

10.3.6 The definition142

10.3.7 Etymology143

10.3.8 Synonyms143

Exercises144

Keys to Exercises147

附录一 英语词汇学术语表181

附录二 词汇表184

附录三 希腊、拉丁词根和词缀196

（一）希腊、拉丁词根196

（二）希腊、拉丁词缀215

References228