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Chapter 1 Introduction1

1.1 Raising the Level of Abstraction2

1.2 Executable UML5

1.3 Making UML Executable7

1.4 Model Compilers9

1.5 Model-Driven Architecture11

1.6 References12

Chapter 2 Using Executable UML13

2.1 The System Model14

2.1.1 Domain Identification14

2.1.2 Use Cases16

2.2 Modeling a Single Domain17

2.1.3 Iterating the System Model17

2.2.1 Classes18

2.2.2 State Machines19

2.2.3 Procedures22

2.2.4 Iterating the Domain Models22

Contents23

Foreword23

2.2.5 Iterating between System and Domain Modeling24

2.3 Verification and Execution25

2.3.1 Model Verification25

2.3.2 Model Compilation26

2.3.3 Iterating Verification and Execution27

2.4 The Big Picture27

Preface27

2.5 References28

Chapter 3 Domains and Bridges29

3.1 Domains30

3.1.1 Domain Missions30

3.1.2 Domain Autonomy31

3.1.3 Domain Replacement32

Acknowledgments33

3.2 Domains and Requirements33

3.3 Bridges35

3.4 Aspects and Join Points38

3.5 Domains and Aspects39

3.6 References40

Chapter 4 Use Cases41

4.1 Basics of Use Cases42

4.1.1 Actors42

4.1.2 Use Cases43

4.1.3 External Signals45

4.2 Working with Use Cases47

4.2.1 Single-Domain Use Cases47

4.2.2 Levels of Use Cases48

4.2.3 Applying Use Cases50

4.3 Activity Diagrams51

4.4 Formalizing Use Cases53

4.4.1 Preconditions53

4.4.2 Postconditions53

4.4.3 Linked Use Cases54

4.5 Scenarios and Testing54

4.6 System Modeling56

4.7 References56

Chapter 5 Classes and Attributes57

5.1 Classes57

5.1.1 Finding Classes58

5.1.2 Naming Classes61

5.2 Attributes64

5.2.1 Finding Attributes64

5.3.1 Core Data Types65

5.3.2 Domain-Specific Data Types65

5.3 Attribute Data Types65

5.3.3 Using Types67

5.4 Documenting Classes and Attributes68

5.4.1 Diagramming Classes and Attributes68

5.4.2 Class Descriptions69

5.4.3 Attribute Descriptions71

5.5 Checking Classes and Attributes73

5.5.1 Subject-Matter Check74

5.5.2 Abstraction Checks74

5.5.3 Attribute Checks75

5.6 Rules,Rules,Rules78

5.7 References79

Chapter 6 Relationships and Associations81

6.1 Associations81

6.1.2 Association Meanings82

6.1.1 Association Names82

6.1.3 Multiplicity84

6.2 Association Descriptions85

6.3 Checking Associations87

6.3.1 Conditionality87

6.3.2 Capturing the Correct Classes and Roles88

6.3.3 Multiple Associations90

6.4 Association Classes93

6.5 Generalization and Specialization95

6.5.1 The Concept of Generalization and Specialization95

6.5.2 Mutual Exclusion and its Implications98

6.5.3 Repeated Specialization99

6.5.4 Multiple Generalization100

6.5.5 Compound Generalization103

6.6 Reflexive Associations103

6.8 References107

6.7 The Class Model107

Chapter 7 Class Actions109

7.1 Object and Attribute Actions111

7.2 Selection Expressions112

7.3 Link Actions114

7.4 Link Object Actions116

7.5 Generalization Hierarchies117

7.6 Other Action Languages119

7.6.1 SMALL119

7.6.2 TALL121

7.6.3 Actions and Syntax122

7.7 References123

Chapter 8 Constraints125

8.1 Unique Instance Constraints125

8.1.1 Single Attribute Identifiers126

8.1.2 Multiple Attribute Identifiers129

8.1.3 Multiple Identifiers131

8.2 Derived Attributes132

8.3 Referential Constraints134

8.3.1 Referential Attributes134

8.3.2 Derived Identifiers136

8.4 Association Loops138

8.4.1 Unconstrained Association Loops139

8.4.2 Redundant Associations140

8.4.3 Equal Set Constraints141

8.4.4 Subset Constraints143

8.5 Constraints Capture Semantics146

8.6 References146

Chapter 9 Lifecycles147

9.1 Concept of a Lifecycle147

9.2 State Machine149

9.2.1 Example Class with a State Machine149

9.2.2 States151

9.2.3 Events152

9.2.4 Transitions153

9.2.5 Procedures154

9.3 State Transition Table155

9.3.1 Basics of the State Transition Table155

9.3.2 Discovering New Transitions155

9.3.3 Discovering New States and Events156

9.3.4 Event Ignored and Can't Happen160

9.4 Creating and Deleting Objects162

9.4.1 Initial Pseudostates162

9.4.2 Final Pseudostates162

9.5 Forming Lifecycles164

9.6 Lifecycles for Classes165

9.7 References167

Chapter 10 Communicating Objects169

10.1.2 Event Parameters170

10.1.1 Sending Signals170

10.1 Signals170

10.1.3 Signals with Parameters173

10.1.4 Signals to Self173

10.1.5 Signals to External Entities174

10.2 Creating and Deleting Objects175

10.2.1 Asynchronous Creation and Deletion175

10.2.2 Synchronous Creation and Deletion177

10.3 Visualizing Domain Dynamics178

10.3.1 Collaboration Diagrams178

10.3.2 Concept of a Execution Trace180

10.3.3 Sequencing Signals on a Collaboration Diagram181

10.3.4 Sequence Diagram182

10.3.5 Applicability185

10.4 Domain Dynamic185

Chapter 11 Synchronizing Objects187

11.1 How to Think about Time188

11.2 Rules about Signals189

11.3 Rules about Procedures191

11.4 Rules about Data Access192

11.5 Delayed Signals and Time Events194

11.6 Rules,Rules,Rules195

11.7 References195

Chapter 12 Using Lifecycles197

12.1 Statechart Diagram Construction Techniques197

12.1.1 Modeling Intention197

12.1.2 Modeling Progression200

12.1.3 Simultaneous Signals202

12.1.4 Distinct Signals204

12.2 Reworking the Class Diagram206

12.2.1 Refactoring Behavior206

12.2.2 Saving Signals in Data207

12.3 References212

Chapter 13 Relationship Dynamics213

13.1 Dynamically Simple Associations214

13.1.1 Associations without Explicit Lifecycles214

13.1.2 Dynamic Associations with Association Classes215

13.2 Associations Involving Competition217

13.2.1 Competition in the Domain217

13.2.2 Competition in the Models219

13.2.3 An Example220

13.2.4 Multi-Instance Contention222

13.2.5 Object Selection and Selection Policies224

13.3 Dynamics in Generalization Hierarchies225

13.3.1 Superclass State Machines225

13.3.2 Subclass State Machines225

13.4 Polymorphic Events and Polymorphic Signals227

13.5 Reclassification230

13.6 References233

13.5.1 Superclass State Machine233

13.5.2 Subclass State Machines with Reclassification233

Chapter 14 Domain Dynamics235

14.1 Partitioning Control236

14.2 Control Strategies239

14.2.1 Push and Pull Control239

14.2.2 The Pivot Point241

14.2.3 Finding the Pivot242

14.3 Delegation of Control244

14.3.1 Hierarchical Delegation244

14.3.2 Networked Delegation244

14.3.3 Distributing Control in Associations246

14.4 Input Conditioning247

14.4.1 Input Sequencing248

14.4.2 Distributing the Inputs250

14.5 Distributed Dynamics250

14.6 References251

Chapter 15 Domain Verification253

15.1 Finding Unit Tests for a Single Use Case254

15.2 Test Execution260

15.3 System Tests263

15.4 Finding Test Cases from the Models267

15.5 The Verification Gap268

15.6 References268

Chapter 16 Model Management269

16.1 Dividing Large Domains269

16.2 Subsystems and the Class Diagram270

16.3 Collaborations between Subsystems272

16.4 Adjusting Subsystem Partitioning272

16.5 Model Management274

Chapter 17 Joining Multiple Domains275

17.1.2 Generic Service Domains277

17.1.1 Application User Interface277

17.1 Kinds of Domains277

17.1.3 Realized Domains280

17.2 Anonymous Explicit Bridges280

17.2.1 External Entities280

17.2.2 Signals from External Entities281

17.2.3 Signals to External Entities283

17.2.4 Bridge Operations283

17.2.5 Synchronous or Asynchronous Bridging?284

17.3 Implicit Bridging with Join Points285

17.3.1 Rationale for Join Points285

17.3.2 Class-Class Joins287

17.3.3 Class-Instance Joins287

17.4 Bridging to the Model Compiler289

Chapter 18 Model Compilers291

18.1 Compiling the Models:The Bookstore292

18.1.1 Mechanisms293

18.1.2 Archetypes294

18.1.3 Archetype Language295

18.2 Model Compilers and the Software Platform298

18.3 Fit299

18.4 Buying,Modifying,and Building a Model Compiler301

18.5 Modeling the Model Compiler as a Domain302

18.6 References303

Appendix A Glossary305

Appendix B Case Study313

B.1 Subsystem ProductSpecification314

B.2 Subsystem Ordering332

B.3 Subsystem Shipping344

B.4 Domain Data Types356

B.5 Object Collaboration Diagram361

Index363