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PART ONE DESCRIPTIVE ANATOMY17

CHAPTER 1 THE SKULL17

Introduction17

The Bones of the Skull24

Occipital Bone24

Sphenoid Bone27

Frontal Bone33

Ethmoid Bone36

Temporal Bone38

Parietal Bone44

Maxilla45

Palatine Bone52

Zygomatic Bone54

Nasal Bone56

Lacrimal Bone56

Inferior Nasal Concha57

Vomer58

Mandible58

Hyoid Bone64

The Sutures of the Skull65

Cavities of the Skull69

Cranial Cavity69

Orbit75

Temporal and Infratemporal Grooves77

Pterygopalatine Groove78

Nasal Cavity79

Oral Cavity83

Functional Analysis of the Facial Skeleton84

Sexual Differences of the Skull88

Anthropologic Remarks90

Cephalometry and Craniometry90

Growth of the Skull99

Introduction99

Growth of the Brain Capsule103

Growth of the Cranial Superstructures105

Growth of the Facial Skeleton107

Facial Growth and Tooth Eruption119

Growth of the Pneumatic Cavities of the Skull121

Variations and Anomalies of the Neurocranium124

Variations and Anomalies of the Facial Skeleton126

CHAPTER 2 THE MUSCLES OF HEAD AND NECK130

Muscles of Mastication130

Masseter Muscle130

Temporal Muscle132

Internal Pterygoid Muscle135

External Pterygoid Muscle136

The Suprahyoid Muscles137

Digastric Muscle138

Stylohyoid Muscle139

Mylohyoid Muscle139

Geniohyoid Muscle142

The Infrahyoid Muscles142

Sternohyoid Muscle142

Omohyoid Muscle143

Sternothyroid Muscle143

Thyrohyoid Muscle144

The Superficial Muscles of Head and Neck144

Platysma Muscle145

Muscles of Mouth and Nose146

Muscles of Eyelids and Brows154

Muscles of the Outer Ear155

Muscles of the Scalp155

CHAPTER 3 TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATION157

Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Articulation157

Movements of the Temporomandibular Articulation163

CHAPTER 4 VISCERA OF HEAD AND NECK178

Oral Cavity178

Introduction178

The Lips—Labia178

The Cheeks—Buccae180

The Oral Vestibule181

The Oral Cavity Proper185

The Tongue190

The Muscles of the Tongue192

Glands of the Oral Cavity195

The Oral Mucous Membrane201

The Teeth203

General Description203

Color and Size of Teeth204

Phylogenetic Remarks205

Terminology207

Special Description of Teeth208

Age Changes and Anomalies of the Pulpal Spaces237

Attachment of the Tooth240

Eruption of Teeth242

Arrangement of the Teeth261

Anomalies of Teeth and Dentition268

Attrition273

Correlation of Active and Passive Eruption274

Pharynx278

Muscles of Soft Palate and Pharynx281

Muscles of the Soft Palate281

Muscles of the Pharynx283

Lymphatic Tissue of Oral Cavity and Pharynx287

Nasal Cavity288

Paranasal Sinuses293

Larynx298

CHAPTER 5 BLOOD VESSELS OF THE HEAD AND NECK307

The Arteries307

External Carotid Artery307

Anterior Branches of the External Carotid Artery309

Posterior Branches of the External Carotid Artery315

Medial Branch of the External Carotid Artery316

Terminal Branches of the External Carotid Artery316

Internal Carotid Artery322

The Veins324

The Sinuses of the Dura Mater332

Communications Between Intracranial and Extracranial Veins334

CHAPTER 6 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM OF HEAD AND NECK337

Lymph Nodes of the Head and Neck337

Lymph Vessels of the Head and Neck342

CHAPTER 7 NERVES OF HEAD AND NECK346

Introduction346

Cranial Nerves348

Trigeminal Nerve350

General Remarks350

Ophthalmic Division353

Maxillary Division356

Mandibular Division361

The Facial Nerve367

The Glossopharyngeal Nerve371

The Hypoglossal Nerve372

Visceral Nerves of the Head373

Introduction373

The Sympathetic Nerve Supply of the Head374

The Parasympathetic Nerve Supply of the Head375

PART TWO REGIONAL AND APPLIED ANATOMY381

CHAPTER 8 THE PALPABILITY OF THE FACIAL SKELETON381

CHAPTER 9 STRUCTURE AND RELATIONS OF THE ALVEOLAR PROCESSES385

Alveolar Process of the Maxilla385

Alveolar Process of the Mandible396

CHAPTER 10 ANATOMY OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA403

Introduction403

Applied Anatomy of the Dental Plexus404

Applied Anatomy of the Nerves of the Upper and Lower Jaws406

Topography of the Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerves406

Topography of the Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerves408

Topography of the Palatine Nerves410

Topography of the Inferior Alveolar Nerve412

Topography of the Mental Nerve422

Topography of the Lingual Nerve423

Topography of the Buccal Nerve424

Topography of the Second Division of the Trigeminal Nerve425

Topography of the Third Division of the Trigeminal Nerve427

CHAPTER 11 ARTERIAL HEMORRHAGES AND LIGATION OF ARTERIES430

Danger Zones in the Oral Cavity430

Ligation of Arteries433

Ligation of the External Maxillary Artery433

Ligation of the Lingual Artery434

The Sub-maxillary Triangle434

Exposure of the Lingual Artery440

Ligation of the External Carotid Artery440

Introduction440

The Carotid Triangle441

Exposure of the External Carotid Artery in the Carotid Triangle446

The Retromandibular Fossa447

Exposure of the External Carotid Artery in the Retromandibular Fossa449

CHAPTER 12 THE PROPAGATION OF DENTAL INFECTIONS450

Introduction450

Distribution of Loose Connective Tissue in the Face450

The Floor of the Oral Cavity452

The Masticatory Fat Pad and Fasciae of the Masticatory Muscles454

The Fasciae of the Neck456

The Interfascial Spaces of the Neck460

Thrombophlebitis of the Face463

CHAPTER 13 TRACHEOTOMY AND LARYNGOTOMY468

Introduction468

Inferior Tracheotomy469

Coniotomy474

CHAPTER 14 THE TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATION476

Overclosure and Distal Displacement of the Mandible476

Dislocation of the Temporomandibular Articulation480

Surgical Exposure of the Temporomandibular Articulation481

CHAPTER 15 THE EDENTULOUS MOUTH484