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Part Ⅰ: Fundamentals1

Chapter 1 Energy in Thermal Physics1

1.1 Thermal Equilibrium1

1.2 The Ideal Gas Microscopic Model of an Ideal Gas6

1.3 Equipartition of Energy14

1.4 Heat and Work17

1.5 Compression Work Compression of an Ideal Gas20

1.6 Heat Capacities Latent Heat; Enthalpy28

1.7 Rates of Processes Heat Conduction; Conductivity of an Ideal Gas;Viscosity; Diffusion37

Chapter 2 The Second Law49

2.1 Two-State Systems The Two-State Paramagnet49

2.2 The Einstein Model of a Solid53

2.3 Interacting Systems56

2.4 Large Systems Very Large Numbers; Stirling's Approximation;Multiplicity of a Large Einstein Solid;Sharpness of the Multiplicity Function60

2.5 The Ideal Gas Multiplicity of a Monatomic Ideal Gas;Interacting Ideal Gases68

2.6 Entropy Entropy of an Ideal Gas; Entropy of Mixing;Reversible and Irreversible Processes74

Chapter 3 Interactions and Implications85

3.1 Temperature A Silly Analogy; Real-World Examples85

3.2 Entropy and Heat Predicting Heat Capacities; Measuring Entropies;The Macroscopic View of Entropy92

3.3 Paramagnetism Notation and Microscopic Physics; Numerical Solution;Analytic Solution98

3.4 Mechanical Equilibrium and Pressure The Thermodynamic Identity; Entropy and Heat Revisited108

3.5 Diffusive Equilibrium and Chemical Potential115

3.6 Summary and a Look Ahead120

Part Ⅱ: Thermodynamics122

Chapter 4 Engines and Refrigerators122

4.1 Heat Engines The Carnot Cycle122

4.2 Refrigerators127

4.3 Real Heat Engines Internal Combustion Engines; The Steam Engine131

4.4 Real Refrigerators The Throttling Process; Liquefaction of Gases;Toward Absolute Zero137

Chapter 5 Free Energy and Chemical Thermodynamics149

5.1 Free Energy as Available Work Electrolysis, Fuel Cells, and Batteries;Thermodynamic Identities149

5.2 Free Energy as a Force toward Equilibrium Extensive and Intensive Quantities; Gibbs Free Energy and Chemical Potential161

5.3 Phase Transformations of Pure SubstancesDiamonds and Graphite; The Clausius-Clapeyron Relation; The van der Waals Model166

5.4 Phase Transformations of Mixtures Free Energy of a Mixture; Phase Changes of a Miscible Mixture; Phase Changes of a Eutectic System186

5.5 Dilute Solutions Solvent and Solute Chemical Potentials; Osmotic Pressure;Boiling and Freezing Points200

5.6 Chemical Equilibrium Nitrogen Fixation; Dissociation of Water; Oxygen Dissolving in Water; Ionization of Hydrogen208

Part Ⅲ: Statistical Mechanics220

Chapter 6 Boltzmann Statistics220

6.1 The Boltzmann Factor The Partition Function; Thermal Excitation of Atoms220

6.2 Average Values Paramagnetism; Rotation of Diatomic Molecules229

6.3 The Equipartition Theorem238

6.4 The Maxwell Speed Distribution242

6.5 Partition Functions and Free Energy247

6.6 Partition Functions for Composite Systems249

6.7 Ideal Gas Revisited The Partition Function; Predictions251

Chapter 7 Quantum Statistics257

7.1 The Gibbs Factor An Example: Carbon Monoxide Poisoning257

7.2 Bosons and Fermions The Distribution Functions262

7.3 Degenerate Fermi Gases Zero Temperature; Small Nonzero Temperatures;The Density of States; The Sommerfeld Expansion271

7.4 Blackbody RadiationThe Ultraviolet Catastrophe; The Planck Distribution;Photons; Summing over Modes; The Planck Spectrum;Total Energy; Entropy of a Photon Gas; The Cosmic Background Radiation; Photons Escaping through a Hole;Radiation from Other Objects; The Sun and the Earth288

7.5 Debye Theory of Solids307

7.6 Bose-Einstein Condensation Real-World Examples; Why Does it Happen?315

Chapter 8 Systems of Interacting Particles327

8.1 Weakly Interacting Gases The Partition Function; The Cluster Expansion;The Second Virial Coefficient328

8.2 The Ising Model of a Ferromagnet Exact Solution in One Dimension;The Mean Field Approximation;Monte Carlo Simulation339

Appendix A Elements of Quantum Mechanics357

A.1 Evidence for Wave-Particle Duality The Photoelectric Effect; Electron Diffraction357

A.2 Wavefunctions The Uncertainty Principle; Linearly Independent Wavefunctions362

A.3 Definite-Energy Wavefunctions The Particle in a Box; The Harmonic Oscillator;The Hydrogen Atom367

A.4 Angular Momentum Rotating Molecules; Spin374

A.5 Systems of Many Particles379

A.6 Quantum Field Theory380

Appendix B Mathematical Results384

B.1 Gaussian Integrals384

B.2 The Gamma Function387

B.3 Stirling's Approximation389

B.4 Area of a d-Dimensional Hypersphere391

B.5 Integrals of Quantum Statistics393

Suggested Reading397

Reference Data402

Index406