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THINKING LIKE A LAWYER A NEW INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL REASONINGPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本下载
- FREDERICK SCHAUER 著
- 出版社： HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
- ISBN：0674032705
- 出版时间：2009
- 标注页数：239页
- 文件大小：11MB
- 文件页数：252页
- 主题词：
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图书目录
1 Introduction: Is There Legal Reasoning?1
2 Rules—in Law and Elsewhere13
2.1 Of Rules in General13
2.2 The Core and the Fringe18
2.3 The Generality of Rules24
2.4 The Formality of Law29
3 The Practice and Problems of Precedent36
3.1 Precedent in Two Directions36
3.2 Precedent—The Basic Concept37
3.3 A Strange Idea41
3.4 On Identifying a Precedent44
3.5 Of Holdings and Dicta54
3.6 On the Force of Precedent—Overruling, Distinguishing,and Other Types of Avoidance57
4 Authority and Authorities61
4.1 The Idea of Authority61
4.2 On Binding and So-Called Persuasive Authority67
4.3 Why Real Authority Need Not Be “Binding”75
4.4 Can There Be Prohibited Authorities?77
4.5 How Do Authorities Become Authoritative?80
5 The Use and Abuse of Analogies85
5.1 On Distinguishing Precedent from Analogy85
5.2 On the Determination of Similarity92
5.3 The Skeptical Challenge96
5.4 Analogy and the Speed of Legal Change100
6 The Idea of the Common Law103
6.1 Some History and a Comparison103
6.2 On the Nature of the Common Law108
6.3 How Does the Common Law Change?112
6.4 Is the Common Law Law?117
6.5 A Short Tour of the Realm of Equity119
7 The Challenge of Legal Realism124
7.1 Do Rules and Precedents Decide Cases?124
7.2 Does Doctrine Constrain Even If It Does Not Direct?134
7.3 An Empirical Claim138
7.4 Realism and the Role of the Lawyer142
7.5 Critical Legal Studies and Realism in Modern Dress144
8 The Interpretation of Statutes148
8.1 Statutory Interpretation in the Regulatory State148
8.2 The Role of the Text151
8.3 When the Text Provides No Answer158
8.4 When the Text Provides a Bad Answer163
8.5 The Canons of Statutory Construction167
9 The Judicial Opinion171
9.1 The Causes and Consequences of Judicial Opinions171
9.2 Giving Reasons175
9.3 Holding and Dicta Revisited180
9.4 The Declining Frequency of Opinions184
10 Making Law with Rules and Standards188
10.1 The Basic Distinction188
10.2 Rules, Standards, and the Question of Discretion190
10.3 Stability and Flexibility194
10.4 Rules and Standards in Judicial Opinions196
10.5 On the Relation between Breadth and Vagueness200
11 Law and Fact203
11.1 On the Idea of a Fact203
11.2 Determining Facts at Trial—The Law of Evidence and Its Critics206
11.3 Facts and the Appellate Process212
12 The Burden of Proof and Its Cousins219
12.1 The Burden of Proof219
12.2 Presumptions224
12.3 Deference and the Allocation of Decision-Making Responsibility229
Index235