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Part Ⅰ A Foundation for Legal Writing1

Chapter 1 An Overview of the United States Legal System3

1.1 The Three Branches of Government4

1.1.1 The Executive Branch4

1.1.2 The Legislative Branch4

1.1.3 The Judicial Branch5

a.The Hierarchical Nature of the Court System5

b.The Federal Courts7

c.State Courts10

d.Other Courts11

1.2 The Relationship Between the Federal and State Governments11

1.2.1 A Short History12

1.2.2 The Relationship Between Laws Enacted by Congress and Those Enacted by the State Legislatures12

1.2.3 The Relationship Between Federal and State Courts14

1.2.4 The Relationship Among Federal, State, and Local Prosecutors14

1.3 A Final Comment15

Chapter 2 An Introduction to Common and Enacted Law19

2.1 Common Law19

2.2 Enacted Law21

2.3 Mandatory Versus Persuasive Authority23

2.3.1 Which Jurisdiction's Law Applies?24

2.3.2 What "Law" Will Be Binding on the Court?24

Chapter 3 Reading and Analyzing Statutes and Cases27

3.1 Good Lawyers Are Good Readers28

3.2 Good Legal Readers Read and Reread Material Until They Are Sure They Understand It29

3.3 Good Legal Readers Engage in Both Analysis and Synthesis31

3.4 Good Legal Readers Place the Statutes and Cases They Read into Their Historical, Social,Economic, Political, and Legal Contexts32

3.5 Good Legal Readers "Judge" the Statutes and Cases They Read33

3.6 Good Legal Readers Read for a Specific Purpose35

3.7 Good Legal Readers Understand That Statutes and Cases Can Be Read in More Than One Way36

Part Ⅱ Objective Memoranda and Client Letters37

Chapter 4 The Objective Memorandun:Its Purpose,Audience,andFormat39

Chapter 5 The First Memorandum51

5.1 Getting the Assignment52

A.Prewriting54

5.2 Preparing a Research Plan54

5.2.1 Determine What Law Applies54

5.2.2 Draft a Preliminary Issue Statement55

5.2.3 Select the Sources You Want to Check56

5.3 Researching the Problem57

5.4 Knowing When to Stop74

5.5 Keeping Track of What You Have Found74

5.6 Understanding What You Have Found76

B.Drafting80

5.7 Drafting the Heading81

5.8 Drafting the Statement of Facts82

5.8.1 Decide What Facts to Include82

a.Legally Significant Facts82

b.Emotionally Significant Facts84

c.Background Facts84

d.Unknown Facts84

5.8.2 Select an Organizational Scheme85

5.8.3 Present the Facts Accurately and Objectively87

5.8.4 Checklist for Critiquing the Statement of Facts88

5.9 Drafting the Issue Statement or Question Presented89

5.9.1 Decide How Many Issue Statements You Should Have and the Order in Which They Should Be Listed89

5.9.2 Select a Format89

a.Reference to Applicable Law90

b.The Legal Question91

c.Legally Significant Facts91

5.9.3 Checklist for Critiquing the Issue Statement93

5.10 Drafting the Brief Answer94

5.10.1 Checklist for Critiquing the Brief Answer95

5.11 Drafting the Discussion Section: An Introduction96

5.12 Drafting the Discussion Section: Selecting an Organizational Plan96

5.12.1 Present the General Rule100

a.Single Statutory Section100

b.Multiple Statutory Sections101

c.Statutes Plus Cases102

5.13 Drafting the Discussion Section: Raising and Dismissing the Undisputed Elements104

5.14 Drafting the Discussion Section: Discussing the Disputed Elements105

5.14.1 Set Out the Specific Rule106

5.14.2 Describe the Analogous Cases107

a.Selecting Analogous Cases107

b.Presenting the Analogous Cases107

c.Presenting Each Side's Arguments110

5.14.3 Predict How the Court Will Decide the Element116

5.15 Avoiding the Common Problems117

5.15.1 Speak for Yourself117

5.15.2 Lay It Out117

5.15.3 Show How You Reached Your Conclusions119

5.15.4 Use Terms Consistently121

5.15.5 See More Than the Obvious122

5.15.6 Checklist for Critiquing the Discussion Section122

5.16 Drafting the Formal Conclusion123

5.16.1 Checklist for Critiquing Conclusion125

C.Revising125

5.17 Checking Content126

5.17.1 Have You Given the Attorneys the Information They Need?126

5.17.2 Is the Information Presented Accurately?127

5.17.3 Is the Information Well Organized?128

5.17.4 Are the Connections Explicit?132

a.Roadmaps132

b.Signposts, Topic Sentences, and Transitions133

c.Dovetailing134

D.Editing135

5.18 Editing and Proofreading136

5.18.1 Editing136

a.Writing Effective Sentences136

b.Writing Correctly143

5.18.2 Proofreading143

5.19 A Note About Citations144

5.20 Final Draft of Memo144

Chapter6 The Second Memorandum151

6.1 Getting the Assignment151

6.2 Preparing a Research Plan154

6.2.1 Draft the Preliminary Issue Statement154

6.2.2 Determine What Law Applies154

6.2.3 Deciding Which Sources to Check155

6.3 Understanding What You Have Found158

6.4 Constructing the Arguments168

6.5 Drafting the Statement of Facts171

6.6 Drafting the Issue Statement172

6.7 Drafting the Brief Answer173

6.8 Drafting the Discussion Section174

6.8.1 Plan the Discussion Section174

6.8.2 Use an Integrated Format178

6.8.3 Introduce and Set Out the General Rules178

6.8.4 Present the Analogous Cases187

a.Integrating the Descriptions of the Analogous Cases into the Arguments187

b.Using Parentheticals189

c.Other Reminders192

6.8.5 Present Each Side's Arguments195

a.Organizing the Arguments195

b.Setting Out the Arguments196

6.8.6 Avoid the Common Problems200

6.9 Revising for Conciseness and Preciseness205

6.9.1 Writing Concisely206

6.9.2 Writing Precisely207

a.Select the Correct Term207

b.Use Terms Consistently208

c.Make Sure Your Subjects and Verbs Go Together209

d.Compare or Contrast Like Things209

Chapter 7 The Opinion Letter217

7.1 Audience217

7.2 Purpose217

7.3 Conventions218

7.3.1 The Introductory Paragraph219

7.3.2 Statement of the Issue220

7.3.3 Opinion220

7.3.4 Summary of the Facts221

7.3.5 Explanation221

7.3.6 Advice222

7.3.7 Concluding Paragraph222

7.3.8 Warnings222

7.4 Writing Style223

7.5 Tone223

7.5.1 Checklist for Critiquing the Opinion Letter225

7.6 Sample Client Letters226

Glossary of Terms231

Index237