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1 Introduction：Matter and Measurement1

1.1 The Study of Chemistry1

The Molecular Perspective of Chemistry1

Why Study Chemistry？3

1.2 Classifications of Matter5

States of Matter5

Pure Substances and Mixtures6

Separation of Mixtures7

Elements9

Compounds10

1.3 Properties of Matter11

Physical and Chemical Changes11

1.4 Units of Measurement12

SI Units13

Length and Mass14

Temperature15

Derived SI Units16

Volume16

Density17

1.5 Uncertainty in Measurement20

Precision and Accuracy20

Significant Figures21

Significant Figures in Calculations22

1.6 Dimensional Analysis24

Using Two or More Conversion Factors25

Conversions Involving Volume25

Summary of Dimensional Analysis26

Summary and Key Terms28

Exercises29

eMedia Exercises33

Chemistry at Work Chemistry and the Chemical Industry4

A Closer Look The Scientific Method13

Chemistry at Work Chemistry in the News18

Strategies in Chemistry The Importance of Practice27

2 Atoms，Molecules，and Ions35

2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter35

2.2 The Discovery of Atomic Structure37

Cathode Rays and Electrons37

Radioactivity39

The Nuclear Atom39

2.3 The Modern View of Atomic Structure41

Isotopes，Atomic Numbers，and Mass Numbers43

2.4 The Periodic Table44

2.5 Molecules and Molecular Compounds47

Molecules and Chemical Formulas47

Molecular and Empirical Formulas48

Picturing Molecules48

2.6 Ions and Ionic Compounds49

Predicting Ionic Charges50

Ionic Compounds51

2.7 Naming Inorganic Compounds54

Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds54

Names and Formulas of Acids58

Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds60

Summary and Key Terms60

Exercises61

eMedia Exercises65

A Closer Look Basic Forces41

Chemistry and Life Elements Required by Living Organisms53

Strategies in Chemistry Pattern Recognition54

3 Stoichiometry：Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations67

3.1 Chemical Equations68

3.2 Patterns of Chemical Reactivity70

Using the Periodic Table70

Combustion in Air71

Combination and Decomposition Reactions72

3.3 Atomic and Molecular Weights74

The Atomic Mass Scale74

Average Atomic Masses75

Formula and Molecular Weights76

Percentage Composition from Formulas76

3.4 The Mole77

Molar Mass79

Interconverting Masses，Moles，and Numbers of Particles81

3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses83

Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula84

Combustion Analysis85

3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations86

3.7 Limiting Reactants91

Theoretical Yields93

Summary and Key Terms94

Exercises95

eMedia Exercises103

A Closer Look The Mass Spectrometer78

Strategies in Chemistry Problem Solving79

Chemistry at Work CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect90

4 Aqueous Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry105

4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions106

Electrolytic Properties106

Ionic Compounds in Water107

Molecular Compounds in Water108

Strong and Weak Electrolytes108

4.2 Precipitation Reactions109

Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds110

Exchange（Metathesis）Reactions111

Ionic Equations112

4.3 Acid-Base Reactions114

Acids114

Bases114

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases114

Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes115

Neutralization Reactions and Salts117

Acid-Base Reactions with Gas Formation119

4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions120

Oxidation and Reduction120

Oxidation Numbers121

Oxidation of Metals by Acids and Salts122

The Activity Series124

4.5 Concentrations of Solutions126

Molarity127

Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolyte128

Interconverting Molarity，Moles，and Volume129

Dilution130

4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis131

Titrations133

Summary and Key Terms136

Exercises137

eMedia Exercises143

Chemistry at Work Antacids120

A Closer Look The Aura of Gold126

Strategies in Chemistry Analyzing Chemical Reactions127

5 Thermochemistry145

5.1 The Nature of Energy145

Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy146

Units of Energy147

System and Surroundings147

Transferring Energy：Work and Heat147

5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics149

Internal Energy149

Relating △E to Heat and Work150

Endothermic and Exothermic Processes151

State Functions152

5.3 Enthalpy153

5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction155

5.5 Calorimetry158

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat158

Constant-Pressure Calorimetry160

Bomb Calorimetry（Constant-Volume Calorimetry）161

5.6 Hess’s Law164

5.7 Enthalpies of Formation166

Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction168

5.8 Foods and Fuels170

Foods170

Fuels172

Other Energy Sources173

Summary and Key Terms176

Exercises177

eMedia Exercises185

A Closer Look Energy，Enthalpy，and P-V Work154

Strategies in Chemistry Using Enthalpy as a Guide158

Chemistry and Life The Regulation of Human Body Temperature162

Chemistry at Work Hydrogen as a Fuel174

6 Electronic Structure of Atoms187

6.1 The Wave Nature of Light187

6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons190

The Photoelectric Effect191

6.3 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom194

Line Spectra 194 Bohr’s Model195

6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter198

The Uncertainty Principle199

6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals200

Orbitals and Quantum Numbers201

6.6 Representations of Orbitals203

The s Orbitals204

The p Orbitals205

The d and f Orbitals205

6.7 Orbitals in Many-Electron Atoms206

Effective Nuclear Charge206

Energies of Orbitals207

Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle208

6.8 Electron Configurations209

Periods 1，2，and 3211

Period 4 and Beyond213

6.9 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table214

Summary and Key Terms218

Exercises220

eMedia Exercises225

Chemistry and Life The Health Effects of Low-Frequency EMFs：A Current Scientific Controversy193

A Closer Look Measurement and the Uncertainty Principle200

A Closer Look Experimental Evidence for Electron Spin209

Chemistry and Life Nuclear Spin and Magnetic Resonance Imaging210

7 Periodic Properties of the Elements227

7.1 Development of the Periodic Table227

7.2 Electron Shells and the Sizes of Atoms229

Electron Shells in Atoms229

Atomic Sizes230

7.3 Ionization Energy233

Periodic Trends in Ionization Energies234

7.4 Electron Affinities236

7.5 Metals，Nonmetals，and Metalloids238

Metals239

Nonmetals241

Metalloids243

7.6 Group Trends for the Active Metals243

Group 1A：The Alkali Metals243

Group 2A：The Alkaline Earth Metals246

7.7 Group Trends for Selected Nonmetals248

Hydrogen248

Group 6A：The Oxygen Group248

Group 7A：The Halogens250

Group 8A：The Noble Gases251

Summary and Key Terms253

Exercises254

eMedia Exercises259

Chemistry and Life The Improbable Development of Lithium Drugs247

Chemistry and Life Thermophilic Bacteria251

8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding261

8.1 Chemical Bonds，Lewis Symbols，and the Octet Rule261

Lewis Symbols262

The Octet Rule263

8.2 Ionic Bonding263

Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation264

Electron Configuration of Ions of the Representative Elements266

Transition-Metal Ions268

Polyatomic Ions269

8.3 Sizes of Ions269

8.4 Covalent Bonding270

Lewis Structures271

Multiple Bonds272

8.5 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity273

Electronegativity273

Electronegativity and Bond Polarity274

Dipole Moments275

Bond Types and Nomenclature277

8.6 Drawing Lewis Structures278

Formal Charge280

8.7 Resonance Structures283

Resonance in Benzene284

8.8 Exceptions to the Octet Rule285

Odd Number of Electrons285

Less than an Octet285

More than an Octet286

8.9 Strengths of Covalent Bonds288

Bond Enthalpies and the Enthalpies of Reactions289

Bond Enthalpy and Bond Length291

Summary and Key Terms294

Exercises295

eMedia Exercises301

A Closer Look Calculation of Lattice Energies：The Born-Haber Cycle267

A Closer Look Oxidation Numbers，Formal Charges，and Partial Charges282

Chemistry at Work Explosives and Alfred Nobel292

9 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories303

9.1 Molecular Shapes304

9.2 The VSEPR Model304

The Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles310

Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells311

Molecules with More than One Central Atom313

9.3 Polarity of Polyatomic Molecules315

9.4 Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap317

9.5 Hybrid Orbitals318

sp Hybrid Orbitals318

sp2 and spa Hybrid Orbitals320

Hybridization Involving d Orbitals322

Summary322

9.6 Multiple Bonds324

Delocalized π Bonding327

General Conclusions330

9.7 Molecular Orbitals331

The Hydrogen Molecule331

Bond Order333

9.8 Second-Row Diatomic Molecules334

Molecular Orbitals for Li2 and Be2334

Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals335

Electron Configurations for B2 Through Ne2336

Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties338

Summary and Key Terms343

Exercises344

eMedia Exercises351

Chemistry and Life The Chemistry of Vision328

Chemistry at Work Organic Dyes342

10 Gases353

10.1 Characteristics of Gases353

10.2 Pressure354

Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer355

Pressures of Enclosed Gases and Manometers356

10.3 The Gas Laws358

The Pressure-Volume Relationship：Boyle’s Law358

The Temperature-Volume Relationship：Charles’s Law360

The Quantity-Volume Relationship：Avogadro’s Law361

10.4 The Ideal-Gas Equation362

Relating the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws365

10.5 Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation367

Gas Densities and Molar Mass367

Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions368

10.6 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures369

Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions370

Collecting Gases over Water371

10.7 Kinetic-Molecular Theory373

Application to the Gas Laws374

10.8 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion376

Graham’s Law of Effusion377

Diffusion and Mean Free Path378

10.9 Real Gases：Deviations from Ideal Behavior379

The van der Waals Equation381

Summary and Key Terms383

Exercises384

eMedia Exercises391

Chemistry and Life Blood Pressure358

Strategies in Chemistry Calculations Involving Many Variables364

A Closer Look The Ideal-Gas Equation375

Chemistry at Work Gas Separations379

11 Intermolecular Forces，Liquids，and Solids393

11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Liquids and Solids393

11.2 Intermolecular Forces395

Ion-Dipole Forces396

Dipole-Dipole Forces396

London Dispersion Forces397

Hydrogen Bonding399

Comparing Intermolecular Forces402

11.3 Some Properties of Liquids404

Viscosity404

Surface Tension404

11.4 Phase Changes405

Energy Changes Accompanying Phase Changes406

Heating Curves406

Critical Temperature and Pressure408

11.5 Vapor Pressure409

Explaining Vapor Pressure on the Molecular Level410

Volatility，Vapor Pressure，and Temperature410

Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point411

11.6 Phase Diagrams412

The Phase Diagrams of H2O and CO2413

11.7 Structures of Solids414

Unit Cells416

The Crystal Structure of Sodium Chloride417

Close Packing of Spheres419

11.8 Bonding in Solids421

Molecular Solids421

Covalent-Network Solids422

Ionic Solids423

Metallic Solids425

Summary and Key Terms426

Exercises427

eMedia Exercises433

A Closer Look Trends in Hydrogen Bonding400

Chemistry at Work Supercritical Fluid Extraction409

A Closer Look The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation412

A Closer Look X-ray Diffraction by Crystals420

A Closer Look Buckyball424

12 Modern Materials435

12.1 Liquid Crystals436

Types of Liquid-Crystalline Phases437

12.2 Polymers440

Addition Polymerization441

Condensation Polymerization442

Types of Polymers444

Structures and Physical Properties of Polymers444

Cross-linking Polymers446

12.3 Biomaterials449

Characteristics of Biomaterials449

Polymeric Biomaterials450

Examples of Biomaterial Applications451

12.4 Ceramics454

Processing of Ceramics455

Ceramic Composites456

Applications of Ceramics456

Superconducting Ceramics457

12.5 Thin Films459

Uses of Thin Films459

Formation of Thin Films460

Summary and Key Terms462

Exercises463

eMedia Exercises467

Chemistry at Work Liquid Crystal Displays441

Chemistry at Work Recycling Plastics444

Chemistry at Work KevlarTM，an Advanced Material447

Chemistry at Work Diamond Coatings462

13 Properties of Solutions469

13.1 The Solution Process469

Energy Changes and Solution Formation471

Solution Formation，Spontaneity，and Disorder472

Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions473

13.2 Saturated Solutions and Solubility474

13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility476

Solute-Solvent Interactions476

Pressure Effects479

Temperature Effects480

13.4 Ways of Expressing Concentration482

Mass Percentage，ppm，and ppb482

Mole Fraction，Molarity，and Molality483

Conversion of Concentration Units485

13.5 Colligative Properties486

Lowering the Vapor Pressure487

Boiling-Point Elevation489

Freezing-Point Depression490

Osmosis492

Determination of Molar Mass493

13.6 Colloids496

Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids496

Removal of ColloidalParticles499

Summary and Key Terms500

Exercises501

eMedia Exercises507

A Closer Look Hydrates474

Chemistry and Life Fat-and Water-Soluble Vitamins478

Chemistry and Life Blood Gases and Deep-Sea Diving481

A Closer Look Ideal Solutions with Two or More Volatile Components488

A Closer Look Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions494

Chemistry and Life Sickle-Cell Anemia498

14 Chemical Kinetics509

14.1 Reaction Rates510

Rates in Terms of Concentrations512

Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry514

14.2 The Dependence of Rate on Concentration515

Reaction Order517

Units of Rate Constants517

Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws518

14.3 The Change of Concentration with Time519

First-Order Reactions520

Half-life521

Second-Order Reactions523

14.4 Temperature and Rate525

The Collision Model526

Activation Energy527

The Orientation Factor529

The Arrhenius Equation529

14.5 Reaction Mechanisms532

Elementary Steps532

Multistep Mechanisms533

Rate Laws of Elementary Steps534

Rate Laws of Multistep Mechanisms535

Mechanisms with an Initial Fast Step537

14.6 Catalysis539

Homogeneous Catalysis539

Heterogeneous Catalysis540

Enzymes543

Summary and Key Terms548

Exercises549

eMedia Exercises557

Chemistry at Work Methyl Bromide in the Atmosphere524

Chemistry at Work Catalytic Converters542

Chemistry and Life Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogenase545

15 Chemical Equilibrium559

15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium560

15.2 The Equilibrium Constant562

Equilibrium Constants in Terms of Pressure566

The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants567

The Direction of the Chemical Equation and K567

15.3 Heterogeneous Equilibria568

15.4 Calculating Equilibrium Constants570

15.5 Applications of Equilibrium Constants572

Predicting the Direction of Reaction573

Calculation of Equilibrium Concentrations574

15.6 Le Chatelier’s Principle576

Change in Reactant or Product Concentrations576

Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes577

Effect of Temperature Changes579

The Effect of Catalysts582

Summary and Key Terms584

Exercises585

eMedia Exercises591

Chemistry at Work The Haber Process562

Chemistry at Work Controlling Nitric Oxide Emissions584

16 Acid-Base Equilibria593

16.1 Acids and Bases：A Brief Review593

16.2 Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases594

The H＋ Ion in Water594

Proton-Transfer Reactions595

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs596

Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases597

16.3 The Autoionization of Water599

The Ion Product of Water599

16.4 The pH Scale601

Other “p” Scales603

Measuring pH604

16.5 Strong Acids and Bases605

Strong Acids605

Strong Bases605

16.6 Weak Acids606

Calculating Ka from pH607

Using Ka to Calculate pH609

Polyprotic Acids613

16.7 Weak Bases615

Types of Weak Bases617

16.8 Relationship Between Ka and Kb618

16.9 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions621

16.10 Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure623

Factors That Affect Acid Strength624

Binary Acids624

Oxyacids624

Carboxylic Acids627

16.11 Lewis Acids and Bases627

Hydrolysis of Metal Ions629

Summary and Key Terms632

Exercises633

eMedia Exercises639

Chemistry at Work Amines and Amine Hydrochlorides619

Chemistry and Life The Amphoteric Behavior of Amino Acids628

17 Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria641

17.1 The Common-Ion Effect641

17.2 Buffered Solutions644

Composition and Action of Buffered Solutions644

Buffer Capacity and pH646

Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers648

17.3 Acid-Base Titrations650

Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations652

Weak Acid-Strong Base Titrations655

Titrations of Polyprotic Acids659

17.4 Solubility Equilibria659

The Solubility-Product Constant，Ksp660

Solubility and Ksp661

17.5 Factors That Affect Solubility662

Common-Ion Effect663

Solubility and pH665

Formation of Complex Ions666

Amphoterism668

17.6 Precipitation and Separation of Ions669

Selective Precipitation of Ions670

17.7 Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements671

Summary and Key Terms675

Exercises675

eMedia Exercises681

Chemistry and Life Blood as a Buffered Solution651

A Closer Look Limitations of Solubility Products663

Chemistry and Life Tooth Decay and Fluoridation666

18 Chemistry of the Environment683

18.1 Earth’s Atmosphere683

Composition of the Atmosphere685

18.2 The Outer Regions of the Atmosphere686

Photodissociation686

Photoionization687

18.3 Ozone in the Upper Atmosphere688

Depletion of the Ozone Layer690

18.4 Chemistry of the Troposphere691

Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain693

Carbon Monoxide694

Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog696

Water Vapor，Carbon Dioxide，and Climate697

18.5 The World Ocean699

Seawater699

Desalination700

18.6 Freshwater701

Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality702

Treatment of Municipal Water Supplies703

Summary and Key Terms705

Exercises706

eMedia Exercises710

A Closer Look Stratospheric Clouds and Ozone Depletion692

A Closer Look Water Softening703

19 Chemical Thermodynamics713

19.1 Spontaneous Processes714

Reversible and Irreversible Processes716

19.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics717

The Spontaneous Expansion of a Gas718

Entropy719

The Second Law of Thermodynamics722

19.3 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy724

19.4 Calculation of Entropy Changes729

19.5 Gibbs Free Energy730

Standard Free-Energy Changes731

19.6 Free Energy and Temperature734

19.7 Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant737

Summary and Key Terms741

Exercises742

eMedia Exercises749

Chemistry and Life Entropy and Life724

A Closer Look Entropy，Disorder，and Ludwig Boltzmann726

A Closer Look What’s “Free” About Free Energy？732

Chemistry and Life Driving Nonspontaneous Reactions739

20 Electrochemistry751

20.1 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions752

20.2 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations753

Half-Reactions754

Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions754

Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution757

20.3 Voltaic Cells758

A Molecular View of Electrode Processes761

20.4 Cell EMF762

Standard Reduction Potentials764

Oxidizing and Reducing Agents768

20.5 Spontaneity of Redox Reactions770

EMF and Free-Energy Change771

20.6 Effect of Concentration on Cell EMF773

The Nernst Equation773

Concentration Cells775

Cell EMF and Chemical Equilibrium777

20.7 Batteries779

Lead-Acid Battery780

Alkaline Battery781

Nickel-Cadmium，Nickel-Metal-Hydride，and Lithium-Ion Batteries781

Fuel Cells782

20.8 Corrosion782

Corrosion of Iron783

Preventing the Corrosion of Iron783

20.9 Electrolysis785

Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions786

Electrolysis with Active Electrodes788

Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis789

Electrical Work791

Summary and Key Terms793

Exercises794

eMedia Exercises803

Chemistry and Life Heartbeats and Electrocardiography778

21 Nuclear Chemistry805

21.1 Radioactivity805

Nuclear Equations806

Types of Radioactive Decay807

21.2 Patterns of Nuclear Stability809

Neutron-to-Proton Ratio809

Radioactive Series811

Further Observations812

21.3 Nuclear Transmutations812

Using Charged Particles813

Using Neutrons814

Transuranium Elements814

21.4 Rates of Radioactive Decay815

Dating816

Calculations Based on Half-life817

21.5 Detection of Radioactivity819

Radiotracers820

21.6 Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions820

Nuclear Binding Energies822

21.7 Nuclear Fission824

Nuclear Reactors826

21.8 Nuclear Fusion828

21.9 Biological Effects of Radiation829

Radiation Doses830

Radon831

Summary and Key Terms834

Exercises835

eMedia Exercises839

Chemistry and Life Medical Applications of Radiotracers821

A Closer Look The Dawning of the Nuclear Age826

Chemistry and Life Radiation Therapy832

22 Chemistry of the Nonmetals841

22.1 General Concepts：Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions841

Chemical Reactions843

22.2 Hydrogen844

Isotopes of Hydrogen845

Properties of Hydrogen845

Preparation of Hydrogen846

Uses of Hydrogen847

Binary Hydrogen Compounds847

22.3 Group 8A：The Noble Gases848

Noble-Gas Compounds849

22.4 Group 7A：The Halogens850

Properties and Preparation of the Halogens851

Uses of the Halogens852

The Hydrogen Halides853

Interhalogen Compounds854

Oxyacids and Oxyanions855

22.5 Oxygen856

Properties of Oxygen856

Preparation of Oxygen856

Uses of Oxygen857

Ozone857

Oxides858

Peroxides and Superoxides859

22.6 The Other Group 6A Elements：S，Se，Te，and Po860

General Characteristics of the Group 6A Elements860

Occurrences and Preparation of S，Se，and Te861

Properties and Uses of Sulfur，Selenium，and Tellurium862

Sulfides863

Oxides，Oxyacids，and Oxyanions of Sulfur863

22.7 Nitrogen865

Properties of Nitrogen865

Preparation and Uses of Nitrogen866

Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen867

Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen868

22.8 The Other Group 5A Elements：P，As，Sb，and Bi870

General Characteristics of the Group 5A Elements870

Occurrence，Isolation，and Properties of Phosphorus871

Phosphorus Halides872

Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus872

22.9 Carbon875

Elemental Forms of Carbon876

Oxides of Carbon876

Carbonic Acid and Carbonates879

Carbides880

Other Inorganic Compounds of Carbon880

22.10 The Other Group 4A Elements：Si，Ge，Sn，and Pb881

General Characteristics of the Group 4A Elements881

Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon882

Silicates882

Glass884

Silicones885

22.11 Boron885

Summary and Key Terms887

Exercises889

eMedia Exercises894

Chemistry and Life Nitrites in Food870

Chemistry at Work Carbon Fibers and Composites877

23 Metals and Metallurgy897

23.1 Occurrence and Distribution of Metals897

Minerals898

Metallurgy899

23.2 Pyrometallurgy900

The Pyrometallurgy of Iron901

Formation of Steel902

23.3 Hydrometallurgy903

The Hydrometallurgy of Aluminum904

23.4 Electrometallurgy904

Electrometallurgy of Sodium905

Electrometallurgy of Aluminum905

Electrorefining of Copper906

23.5 Metallic Bonding908

Physical Properties of Metals908

Electron-Sea Model for Metallic Bonding909

Molecular-Orbital Model for Metals910

23.6 Alloys912

Intermetallic Compounds914

23.7 Transition Metals914

Physical Properties916

Electron Configurations and Oxidation States917

Magnetism919

23.8 Chemistry of Selected Transition Metals920

Chromium920

Iron920

Copper921

Summary and Key Terms922

Exercises923

eMedia Exercises927

A Closer Look Charles M.Hall907

A Closer Look Insulators and Semiconductors911

A Closer Look Shape Memory Alloys915

24 Chemistry of Coordination Compounds929

24.1 The Structure of Complexes929

Charges，Coordination Numbers，and Geometries931

24.2 Chelates933

Metals and Chelates in Living Systems934

Nomenclature936

24.3 Isomerism940

Structural Isomerism941

Stereoisomerism941

24.4 Color and Magnetism944

Color944

Magnetism946

24.5 Crystal-Field Theory946

Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes951

Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes952

Summary and Key Terms954

Exercises955

eMedia Exercises959

A Closer Look The Stability of Chelates937

Chemistry and Life The Battle for Iron in Living Systems938

A Closer Look Gemstones948

25 The Chemistry of Life：Organic and Biological Chemistry961

25.1 A Look Back962

The Shapes of Organic Molecules962

The Stabilities of Organic Substances962

Solubility and Acid-Base Properties of Organic Substances962

25.2 Introduction to Hydrocarbons963

25.3 Alkanes964

Structures of Alkanes965

Structural Isomers966

Nomenclature of Alkanes966

Cycloalkanes969

Reactions of Alkanes969

25.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons971

Alkenes971

Alkynes973

Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes974

Mechanism of Addition Reactions976

Aromatic Hydrocarbons977

25.5 Functional Groups；Alcohols and Ethers979

Alcohols（R—OH）979

Ethers（R—O—R’）982

25.6 Compounds with a Carbonyl Group982

Aldehydes982

Carboxylic Acids983

Esters985

Amines and Amides986

25.7 Chirality in Organic Chemistry987

25.8 Introduction to Biochemistry989

25.9 Proteins989

Amino Acids990

Polypeptides and Proteins991

Protein Structure993

25.10 Carbohydrates995

Disaccharides996

Polysaccharides997

25.11 Nucleic Acids999

Summary and Key Terms1003

Exercises1005

eMedia Exercises1011

Chemistry at Work Gasoline970

Chemistry at Work The Accidental Discovery of Teflon TM975

A Closer Look Aromatic Stabilization978

Chemistry and Life The Origins of Chirality in Living Systems991

Strategies in Chemistry What Now？1001

Appendices1012

A Mathematical Operations1012

B Properties of Water1018

C Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 298.15 K（25℃）1019

D Aqueous-Equilibrium Constants1022

E Standard Reduction Potentials at 25℃1024

Answers to Selected Exercises1025

Glossary1055

Photo/Art Credits1069

Index1071