General linguistics：a course bookPDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本下载

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Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguistics1

1.1 What is language?1

1.2 The design of language3

1.2.1 Arbitrariness3

1.2.2 Duality5

1.3 The functions of language6

1.4 What is linguistics?7

1.5 Some basic distinctions in linguistics8

1.5.1 Langue and parole8

1.5.2 Competence and performance9

1.5.3 Synchronic and diachronic studies11

1.6 Major branches of general linguistics12

1.6.1 Phonology13

1.6.2 Syntax13

1.6.3 Semantics13

1.6.4 Pragmatics13

Exercises14

Chapter 2 Phonology15

2.1 Phonetics15

2.1.1 Consonants16

2.1.1.1 Manners of articulation17

2.1.1.2 Places of articulation20

2.1.2 Vowels22

2.1.2.1 Close,half-close,half-open,open22

2.1.2.2 Front,central,back23

2.1.2.3 Rounded and unrounded24

2.1.2.4 Tense and lax24

2.1.2.5 Monophthongs and diphthongs24

2.2 Phonology25

2.2.1 Phonetics and phonology26

2.2.2 Some important definitions in phonology27

2.2.2.1 Phonemes and allophones27

2.2.2.2 Minimal pairs29

2.2.2.3 Complementary distribution29

2.2.2.4 Free variation30

2.2.2.5 Distinctive features30

2.2.3 Narrow and broad transcriptions32

2.2.4 Prosodic phonology and suprasegmental phonology33

2.2.4.1 Stress34

2.2.4.2 Syllable36

2.2.4.3 Intonation38

2.2.5 Functions of intonation39

Exercises41

Chapter 3 Morphology43

3.1 Morpho1ogy43

3.2 What is a morpheme?44

3.2.1 Types of morphemes45

3.2.1.1 Free-bound46

3.2.1.2 Inflectional-derivational46

3.2.2 Morpheme and phoneme47

3.3 Word-formation48

3.4 Open classes and closed classes49

3.5 Lexical change49

3.5.1 Deterioration and elevation49

3.5.2 Specialization and extension50

3.5.3 Concretization and metaphorization51

Exercises51

Chapter 4 Syntax53

4.1 Overview53

4.1.1 The goal of syntactic study54

4.1.2 Criteria of adequacy56

4.2 Syntactic categories57

4.2.1 Lexical vs functional categories57

4.2.2 Parsing59

4.2.3 The principle of projection61

4.3 Syntactic structure61

4.3.1 The structure of phrases61

4.3.1.1 Noun phrases61

4.3.1.2 Prepositional phrases63

4.3.1.3 Verb phrases64

4.3.1.4 Other phrases65

4.3.1.5 Adverbial phrases65

4.3.2 Generalization on phrase structures:X-bar Theory66

4.3.3 The Structure of sentences67

4.4 Structural relations70

4.4.1 Dominance vs precedence70

4.4.2 C-command vs government71

4.4.3 Structural ambiguity75

4.5 A generative grammar76

4.6 Transformational rules77

4.6.1 Inversion in yes-no questions77

4.6.2 Particle movement79

4.6.3 Deep structure and surface structure81

4.7 Embedded clauses84

4.8 Summing up85

Exercises85

Chapter 5 Semantics89

5.1 What is semantics?89

5.2 Word meaning90

5.3 Sentence meaning95

5.4 Seven types of meaning96

5.4.1 Conceptual meaning97

5.4.2 Connotative meaning97

5.4.3 Social meaning98

5.4.4 Affective meaning98

5.4.5 Reflected meaning99

5.4.6 Collocative meaning100

5.4.7 Thematic meaning100

5.5 Sense relations101

5.5.1 Lexical relations101

5.5.1.1 Homonymy101

5.5.1.2 Polysemy102

5.5.1.3 Synonymy102

5.5.1.4 Opposites(Antonymy)103

5.5.1.5 Hyponymy105

5.5.2 Sentence relations106

5.5.2.1 Entailment106

5.5.2.2 Presupposition107

5.5.2.3 Synonymy108

5.5.2.4 Controdiction108

5.5.2.5 Tautology108

5.5.2.6 Inconsistency108

5.5.2.7 Anomaly108

5.6 Componential analysis109

5.7 Extralinguistic context111

Exercises113

Chapter 6 Varieties of Language116

6.1 Definition116

6.2 Dialect116

6.2.1 Regional dialect117

6.2.2 Temporal dialect118

6.2.3 Social dialect119

6.2.3.1 Education120

6.2.3.2 Class121

6.2.3.3 Sex121

6.2.3.4 Age122

6.2.3.5 Ethnic background123

6.2.4 Idiolect125

6.2.5 Standard dialect126

6.3 Registers127

6.3.1 Field of discourse128

6.3.2 Tenor of discourse128

6.3.3 Mode of discourse129

Exercises129

Chapter 7 Language and Thought132

7.1 Introduction:a classic issue132

7.2 The views of Saussure,Wittgenstein,and Chomsky134

7.2.1 Saussure135

7.2.2 Wittgenstein136

7.2.3 Chomsky138

7.3 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis140

7.3.1 Linguistic relativity141

7.3.2 Linguistic determinism143

7.4 Features of language and thought148

7.5 Metaphor,iconicity and schema in cognitive processes151

7.5.1 Metaphorical thinking152

7.5.2 Iconic thinking154

7.5.3 Schema155

7.5.4 Integration of metaphor,iconicity,and schemata156

Exercises157

Chapter 8 Pragmatics159

8.1 What is pragmatics?159

8.1.1 A new branch of linguistics159

8.1.2 Study of meaning160

8.1.3 Semantics,grammar,pragmatics and syntax:Division of work160

8.1.4 What on earth is pragmatics?163

8.2 Timeline of pragmatics167

8.3 Topics in pragmatics168

8.3.1 General/theoretical/linguistic pragmatics or micropragmatics168

8.3.1.1 Deixis169

8.3.1.2 Presupposition170

8.3.1.3 Conversational implicature171

8.3.1.4 Conversational principles173

8.3.1.5 Speech acts177

8.3.1.6 Conversational analysis178

8.3.2 Interdisciplinary pragmatics or macropragmatics179

8.3.2.1 Cross-cultural pragmatics181

8.3.2.2 Interlanguage pragmatics181

8.3.2.3 Cognitive pragmatics183

8.3.2.4 Literary pragmatics183

8.3.2.5 Developmental pragmatics184

8.3.2.6 Societal pragmatics185

8.3.3 Topics in Chinese pragmatics186

8.3.3.1 Pragmatic studies in China186

8.3.3.2 Events in Chinese pragmatics186

8.3.3.3 Current studies in Chinese pragmatics187

8.4 People in pragmatics188

8.4.1 Stephen C.Levinson188

8.4.2 Geoffrey Leech189

8.4.3 Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson190

8.4.4 Jacob L.Mey191

8.4.5 Jef Verschueren192

Exercises192

Chapter 9 Stylistics195

9.1 Style and stylistics195

9.1.1 The study of style195

9.1.2 What is style?195

9.1.3 What is stylistics?197

9.2 General features of literary language197

9.2.1 Foregrounding197

9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language200

9.2.3 The analysis of literary language203

9.3 The language in poetry204

9.3.1 Sound patterning204

9.3.2 Stress and metrical patterning205

9.3.3 Conventional forms of meter and sound206

9.3.4 The poetic functions of sound and meter207

9.3.5 Analysis of poetry209

9.4 The language in fiction211

9.4.1 Linguistic styles in fiction211

9.4.1.1 Preference in diction211

9.4.1.2 Sentence variety and length213

9.4.2 Points of view in fiction216

9.4.3 Speech and thought presentation218

9.4.4 Prose style222

9.4.5 How to analyse the language of fiction?223

Exercises224

Chapter 10 Language Acquisition225

10.1 First language acquisition226

10.1.1 Characteristics of first language acquisition226

10.1.1.1 Universality226

10.1.1.2 Uniformity228

10.1.1.3 Other characteristics229

10.1.2 Accounting for child language acquisition229

10.1.2.1 A review of environmentalist theories of language acquisition229

10.1.2.2 The innateness hypothesis234

10.1.3 Conclusion237

10.2 Second language acquisition237

10.2.1 Introduction237

10.2.2 L1 vs.L2 acquisition239

10.2.3 Individual learner differences and second language acquisition239

10.2.3.1 Language learner strategies240

10.2.3.2 Cognitive style243

10.2.3.3 Personality245

10.2.3.4 The"good language learner"248

10.2.4 Theories in second language acquisition249

10.2.4.1 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis249

10.2.4.2 The Critical Period Hypothesis250

10.2.4.3 The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis251

10.2.4.4 The Monitor Theory252

10.2.4.5 The Pidginization Hypothesis254

10.2.4.6 The Universal Hypothesis255

Exercises256

Chapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching258

11.1 Necessity of linguistics258

11.1.1 For teachers259

11.1.1.1 For teacher development259

11.1.2 For teaching261

11.1.2.1 An epistemological prerequisite261

11.1.2.2 Areas for application262

11.1.2.3 Reflective teaching and reflective teacher264

11.2 Linguistic theories and grammar teaching266

11.2.1 Traditional grammar instruction267

11.2.2 Structural grammar and the audio-lingual and direct approaches268

11.2.3 Functional approaches269

11.2.4 Focus on form270

11.2.5 Noticing and consciousness raising271

11.2.6 Interaction for grammar learning272

11.2.7 Discourse-based approaches to grammar instruction273

11.3 Cognitive Approaches276

11.3.1 Skehan's task-based approach277

11.3.2 Anderson's ACT model279

11.3.3 Macwhinney's competition model281

11.4 Syllabus design283

11.4.1 What is syllabus design?283

11.4.2 Linguistic theories and various types of syllabuses284

11.4.2.1 Grammatical syllabuses285

11.4.2.2 Functional-notional syllabuses285

11.4.2.3 Procedural and task-based syllabuses287

11.4.2.4 Communicative syllabus287

11.5 Conclusion290

Exercises291

Chapter 12 Modern Linguistic Schools and Theories293

12.1 Structuralism293

12.1.1 Saussuralism293

12.1.2 The Prague School295

12.1.2.1 Functional sentence perspective298

12.1.3 American structuralism300

12.1.4 Behaviorism in American structuralism303

12.2 Transformational-generative grammar304

12.2.1 Noam Chomsky and his theoretic development304

12.2.1.1 Transformational-generative grammar306

12.2.1.2 The nature of universal grammar307

12.2.1.3 Language acquisition device308

12.3 The Systemic-Functional School310

12.3.1 The London School310

12.3.2 Halliday and his theories311

12.3.2.1 Halliday's systemic grammar312

12.3.2.2 Halliday's functional grammar315

12.4 Cognitive linguistics316

Exercises324

Appendix Glossary325