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Abrief history of tongue diagnosis in China1

Chapter 1 Anatomy and physiology of tongue17

1.1 Generation and development of tongue17

1.2 Anatomy of tongue19

1.2.1 Mucous layer of tongue19

1.2.2 Papillae of tongue20

1.2.3 Taste buds of tongue21

1.2.4 Muscles of tongue24

1.2.5 Lingual nerves26

1.2.6 Blood vessels of tongue27

1.2.7 Lymph-vessels of tongue31

1.2.8 Salivary glands of tongue33

1.3 Physiology of tongue35

1.4 Relationship between the tongue and the viscera and bowels and the channels and collaterals37

Chapter 2 Sense of inspecting tongue manifestations43

2.1 Expression of the congenital inherited information and biological characteristics44

2.2 Clinical differentiation of syndromes and treatment for diseases45

2.3 Guide to clinical medication48

2.4 Diagnosis of the category,change,prognosis and prevention of disease51

Chapter 3 Methods for inspecting tongue and points for attention55

3.1 Basic methods and points for attention55

3.1.1 Basic methods for inspecting tongue55

3.1.2 Pay attention to inspecting all kinds of pathological changes of tongue manifestations56

3.1.3 Don't forget to inquire the taste of sense56

3.1.4 Light beam is the key problem in the inspection of the tongue manifestations57

3.1.5 Judge whether the tongue disease is congenital or manifestation of special tongue diseases57

3.2 Other points for attention62

3.2.1 The food and drink factors62

3.2.2 The medicine factor63

3.2.3 Pay attention to season and environment63

3.2.4 Pay attention to physiological situation64

Chapter 4 Inspection of tongue manifestations69

4.1 Normal tongue manifestations69

4.2 Biological characteristics of tongue70

4.2.1 Biological characteristics of lingual shape70

4.2.2 Biological characteristics of tongue's texture80

4.3 Pathological tongue manifestations90

4.3.1 Pathological lingual shapes90

4.3.2 Pathological lingual contour91

4.3.3 Movement of pathological tongue109

4.3.4 Color of pathological tongue128

4.3.5 Pathological fur of tongue137

4.3.6 Pathological vessels and changing parts of tongue158

Chapter 5 Tongue manifestations of common TCM syndromes169

5.1 Tongue manifestations of the eight-principles syndromes169

5.1.1 Tongue manifestations of external syndrome169

5.1.2 Tongue manifestations of internal syndrome170

5.1.3 Tongue manifestations of cold syndrome171

5.1.4 Tongue manifestations of heat syndrome172

5.1.5 Tongue manifestations of deficiency syndrome173

5.1.6 Tongue manifestations of excessive syndrome174

5.1.7 Tongue manifestations of yin syndrome176

5.1.8 Tongue manifestations of yang syndrome177

5.2 Tongue manifestations of yin and yang syndromes178

5.2.1 Tongue manifestations of yin deficiency syndrome178

5.2.2 Tongue manifestations of yang deficiency syndrome179

5.2.3 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of flaming up of fire due to yin deficiency181

5.2.4 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of retention of fluid due to yang deficiency182

5.3 Tongue manifestations for the syndromes of qi,blood,fluid183

5.3.1 Tongue manifestations of qi deficiency syndrome183

5.3.2 Tongue manifestations of blood deficiency syndrome184

5.3.3 Tongue manifestations of blood stasis syndrome186

5.3.4 Tongue manifestations of qi-yin deficiency syndrome190

5.3 5 Tongue manifestations of qi stagnation and blood stasis syndrome192

5.3.6 Tongue manifestations of fluid-retention syndrome195

5.4 Tongue manifestations of viscera and bowels'syndromes196

5.4.1 Tongue manifestations of heart-yin deficiency syndrome196

5.4.2 Tongue manifestations of heart-yang deficiency syndrome197

5.4.3 Tongue manifestations of heart-fire exuberance syndrome198

5.4.4 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of heart attack by retained fluid199

5.4.5 Tongue manifestations for the deficiency syndromes of both heart and spleen201

5.4.6 Tongue manifestations of the heart-vessel obstruction syndrome202

5.4.7 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of liver-yang hyperactivity204

5.4 8 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of flaming-up of liver-fire205

5.4.9 Tongue manifestations for the stasis syndrome of liver blood207

5.4.10 Tongue manifestations for the deficiency syndrome of spleen-qi209

5.4.11 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of damp-heat in spleen and stomach210

5.4.12 Tongue manifestations of stomach heat syndrome212

5.4.13 Tongue manifestations of stomach-yin deficiency syndrome213

5.4.14 Tongue manifestations of lung-yang deficiency syndrome214

5.4.15 Tongue manifestations of pulmonary qi-yin deficiency syndrome215

5.4.16 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of lung attack by dampness-cold217

5.4.17 Tongue manifestations of large intestine heat-accumulating syndrome218

5.4.18 Tongue manifestations for the syndrome of kidney's failure to maintenance of normal inspiration219

5.4.19 Tongue manifestations of kidney yin-yang deficiency syndrome221

5.4.20 Tongue manifestations for the yang deficiency syndrome of spleen and kidney223

5.5 Tongue manifestations for the syndromes of pericardium and triple energizer224

5.5.1 Syndrome of heat-evil attacking the pericardium224

5.5.2 Syndrome of mental confusion due to phlegm225

5.5.3 Syndrome of upper energizer's heat226

5.5.4 Syndrome of middle energizer's heat227

5.5.5 Syndrome of lower energizer's heat228

5.6 Tongue manifestations for the syndromes of the six meridians229

5.6.1 Cold-stroke syndrome of greater yang229

5.6.2 Blood-retention syndrome of greater yang231

5.6.3 The excessive syndrome of yang brightness bowel232

Chapter 6 Tongue manifestations of common diseases237

6.1 Tongue manifestations of bronchitis237

6.2 Tongue manifestations of pneumonia238

6.3 Tongue manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)241

6.4 Tongue manifestations of chronic gastritis244

6.5 Tongue manifestations of peptic ulcer246

6.6 Tongue manifestations of gastroduodenal perforation250

6.7 Tongue manifestations of gastric cancer252

6.8 Tongue manifestations of intestinal obstruction256

6.9 Tongue manifestations of appendicitis259

6.10 Tongue manifestations of abdominal tuberculosis261

6.11 Tongue manifestations of acute pancreatitis263

6.12 Tongue manifestations of chronic pancreatitis266

6.13 Tongue manifestations of biliary tract infection and cholelithiasis267

6.14 Tongue manifestations of cirrhosis270

6.15 Tongue manifestations of portal hypertension273

6 16 Tongue manifestations of primary liver cancer276

6.17 Tongue manifestations of rheumatic heart disease280

6.18 Tongue manifestations of coronary heart disease282

6.19 Tongue manifestations of chronic pulmonary heart disease284

6.20 Tongue manifestations of myocardial infarction289

6.21 Tongue manifestations of congenital heart disease290

6.22 Tongue manifestations of chronic glomerular nephritis293

6.23 Tongue manifestations of nephrotic syndrome295

6.24 Tongue manifestations of anemia297

6.25 Tongue manifestations of leukemia and aplastic anemia298

6.26 Tongue manifestations of diabetes mellitus302

6.27 Tongue manifestations of hyperthyroidism305

6.28 Tongue manifestations of cerebral infarction308

6.29 Tongue manifestations of complication of biliary tract,pancreas,or ampulla311

6.30 Tongue manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis and tuberculous pleurisy314

Chapter 7 Glossopathy related with tongue manifestations319

7.1 Migratory glossitis319

7.2 Hairy tongue320

7.3 Atrophic glossitis320

7.4 Amyloidosis of tongue321

7.5 Lingual lichen planus322

7.6 Lingual moniliasis323

7.7 Lingual keratoses325

7.8 Lingual leukoplakia325

7.9 Lingual scleroderma326

7.10 Myrica tongue327

7.11 Lingual primary herpes simplex327

7.12 Sublingual varices328

7.13 Glossodynia328

7.14 Lingual traumatic ulcer329

7.15 Lingual infectious syndromes330

7.16 Lingual actinomycoses331

7.17 Lingual tumor and tumor-like pathological change331

Chapter 8 A brief introduction to objective research methods of tongue diagnosis and the significance of application333

8.1 The method of inspecting the tongue with naked eyes333

8.2 The method of color pictures333

8.3 Video recording of tongue manifestations334

8.4 Inspection on the structure of tongue surface334

8.5 Comparison of tongue colors334

8.6 Inspection of the tongue impedance volumetric wave diagram334

8.7 Measurement of the salivary amylase335

8.8 Inspection of the saliva lysozyme335

8.9 Testing of the oral pH value335

8.10 Measurement of the width of sublingual veins with the paper ruler336

8.11 Measurement of the secretion quantity of saliva in the oral cavity336

8.12 Measurement of dry-wet state on the surface of tongue336

8.13 Measurement of the saliva ions336

8.14 Measurement of microelements in saliva337

8.15 Measurement of immune globulin in saliva337

8.16 Measurement of endotoxin337

8.17 Incubation of bacteria and mildew on the surface of tongue337

8.18 Ultrasonic inspection of tongue337

8.19 Inspection of the exfoliated cells on the surface of tongue339

8.20 Inspection of microcirculation at the tip of tongue340

8.21 Inspection of the blood viscosity341

8.22 Inspection of the infrared thermography342

8.23 Measurement of the blood flow in the shallow layer of tongue342

8.24 Fluorescence inspection of the tongue342

8.25 Measurement of the tongue's temperature343

8.26 Electrical stimulation reaction of the tongue343

8.27 Pathological inspection of the tongue with photo-mirror343

8.28 Electron microscopic pathology of the tongue343

8.29 Animal models of tongue344

8.30 Research of tongue diagnosis with computer345

Chapter 9 Research on the tongue diagnosis347

9.1 Clinical research on the tongue diagnosis347

9.1.1 Clinical analysis on the tongue manifestations of 130 patients suffering from primary liver cancer347

9.1.2 Value of tongue diagnosis in the diagnosis of celiac tuberculosis353

9.1.3 Inspection and research on the tongue manifestations of 246 patients suffered from pancreatitis356

9.1.4 Analysis on the tongue manifestations of 489 patients suffered from acute appendicitis359

9.1.5 Application of tongue manifestation identification in the diagnosis for gastroduodenal perforation363

9.1.6 Understanding on the inspection of tongue manifestations of 213 elderly patients suffered from acute abdominal pains366

9.1.7 Inspection on the tongue manifestations of 614 cases with five kinds of acute abdominal pains368

9.1.8 Instructing the diagnosis and therapy of abdominal surgical diseases in the perioperative period by the method of inspecting the tongue manifestations374

9.1.9 Important role of tongue diagnosis played in the diagnosis and differentiation of acute abdomen379

9.2 Research on the tongue manifestations of different syndromes382

9.2.1 Research on the tongue manifestations of blood stasis syndrome382

9.2.2 Research on the syndrome of qi-yin deficiency of the red and bright tongue387

9.2.3 Clinical and experimental research on the tongue manifestations of yang brightness bowel's excessive syndrome in acute abdomen392

9.2.4 Viewing the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine from three syndrome types of tongue diagnosis396

9.3 Clinical research on the objectification of tongue diagnosis400

9.3.1 Research on the indices of tongue manifestations of stasis syndrome400

9.3.2 Research on tongue's texture403

9.3.3 Inspection on the blood stasis degree of microcirculation at the tongue tips of patients suffered from gastric cancer406

9.3.4 Inspection on the microcirculation at the tongue tip of 106 patients suffered from liver cancer410

9.3.5 Ultrasonic inspection and measurement on tongues of 126 patients suffered from portal hypertension412

9.3.6 Sense of measuring ions,trace elements and immunoglobulin in saliva for the research on tongue manifestation of qi-yin deficiency syndrome414

9.3.7 Sense of measuring lysozyme in the diagnosis of biliary tract diseases415

9.3.8 Research on the tongue impedance volumetric wave diagram of patients suffered from gastric cancer417

9.3.9 Method of inspecting pH value in oral cavity and the clinical sense of clinical application419

9.3.10 Research on the detection of saliva amylase in oral cavities of 600 patients suffered from acute abdominal pains421

9.3.11 Understandings acquired by modern medical means for carrying out an overall and systematic research of the tongue diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine423

9.3.12 Application and analysis of objectified inspection methods in the tongue diagnosis434

9.4 Device for objectification of tongue diagnosis and the research on its application437

9.4.1 Research and application of HR-I tongue color chromometer437

9.4.2 Ultrasonic inspection and measurement of tongue442

9.4.3 Research,development and application of XSP-16A Viewer for inspection of the structure on the surface of tongue445

9.4.4 Research on the tongue impedance volumetric wave figure447

9.5 Fabrication of animal models for study of tongue manifestations451

9.5.1 Fabrication of animal models and experimental research on the tongue manifestations of portal hypertension451

9.5.2 Fabrication of animal models for study of the tongue manifestations of qi-yin deficiency syndrome454

9.5.3 Animal modeling for study of the tongue manifestations of yang brightness bowel's excessive syndrome456

9.5.4 Fabrication of animal models for study of the tongue manifestations of drug-induced hepatitis and cirrhosis458

9.6 Computer research of tongue diagnosis461

9.6.1 Research,fabrication and application of tongue image collecting equipment461

9.6.2 Establishment and application of tongue images database system468

9.6.3 Research on establishment of computerized tongue diagnosis system480

9.6.4 Tongue shape classification system for medical diagnosis493

9.6.5 Pixel based tongue color analysis508

9.6.6 Fungiform papillae hyperplasia(FPH)identification by tongue texture analysis525

9.6.7 Automatic classification of tongue prints in healthy and unhealthy individuals537

9.6.8 Multi-feature fusion analysis on tongue images of chronic gastritis542

9.6.9 Computerized processing and analysis on tongue texture of serious chronic gastritis552

9.6.10 Automated extraction methods of Petechia Speck and Petechia Spot in tongue images558

9.6.11 Computerized feature quantification of sublingual veins from colorized sublingual images566

9.6.12 Segmentation of sublingual veins from near infrared sublingual images585

9.7 Research on the forming mechanism of tongue manifestations593

9.7.1 Research on the bluish violet tongue593

9.7.2 Clinical and experimental research on the tongue manifestations of hepatitis,portal hypertension,and liver cancer596

9.7.3 Research on the forming mechanism of tongue manifestations for the syndrome of blood stagnation603

References on the Tongue Diagnostics613

References on the tongue diagnosis from 1990 to 2003619