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Part Ⅰ Structure and Organization of Metal Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrices3

1 Nanoparticles in Materials Chemistry and in the Natural Sciences（Introduction）3

1.1 Classification of Nanoparticles by Size5

1.2 Structural Organization of Nanoparticles9

1.3 Dimensional Phenomena in the Chemistry and Physics of Nanoparticles9

1.4 Nanoparticles and Materials on their Base12

References23

2 Nucleation Mechanism of Nanoparticles and Metal Clusters，their Structure and Chief Properties25

2.1 Characteristic Features of Nanoparticle Nucleation26

2.2 Kinetic Features of New Phase Formation32

2.3 Phase Formation in Chemical Reactions39

2.4 Self-Organization of Metal-Containing Nanoparticles（Fractal Structures）43

2.5 Brief Account of Major Production Methods of Metal-Containing Nanoparticles52

2.6 Metal Clusters as Nanoparticles with Fixed Dimensions58

References60

3 Principles and Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Stabilization by Polymers65

3.1 Stability of Nanoparticles in Solutions65

3.2 Stabilizing Capability Characteristics of Polymers68

3.3 Characteristics of Polymer Absorption on Metal Surfaces71

3.4 Specifics of Polymer Surfactants as Stabilizers81

3.5 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Stabilization by Polymers91

3.6 Stabilization of Nanoparticles by Electrolytes96

3.7 Surface Proofing as a Method of Stabilizing Nanoparticles by Polymers99

3.8 On the Problem of Matrix Confinement101

References106

Part Ⅱ Synthetic Methods for Metallopolymer Nanocomposite Preparation117

4 Physical Methods of Incorporating Nanoparticles into Polymers117

4.1 Mechanochemical Dispersion of Precursors Jointly with Polymers118

4.2 Microencapsulation of Nanoparticles into Polymers120

4.3 Physical Deposition of Metal Particles on Polymers124

4.4 Formation of 2D Nanostructures on Polymers127

4.5 Formation of Metal Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrix Voids（Pores）130

4.6 Physical Modification and Filling of Polymers with Metal131

References132

5 Chemical Methods of Metal-Polymer Nanocomposite Production135

5.1 Reduction of Polymer-Bound Metal Complexes136

5.1.1 Reducers and Reduction Processes136

5.1.2 Reduction in Polymer Solutions138

5.1.3 Reduction in Block-Copolymers in Solution145

5.1.4 Formation and Architecture of Metal Nanoparticles in Dendrimers150

5.1.5 Formation of Nanoparticles in Heterogeneous Polymer Systems155

5.1.6 Production of Nanocomposites by Reducing with Metals and Organometallic Compounds160

5.1.7 Bi- and Polymetallic Nanoparticles in Polymers161

5.2 Nanocomposite Formation by Metal-Containing Precursor Thermolysis172

5.2.1 Metal Sol Formation in Polymers by Thermal Decomposition of Metal Carbonyls173

5.2.2 The Features of Metal-Containing Polymer Thermolysis185

5.2.3 Post-Thermolysis of Other Types of Precursors in Polymer Matrices190

5.3 Nanocomposite Formation in Monomer-Polymer Mixtures in Thermolysis193

5.4 Nanocomposites on the Base of Polymer-Immobilized Metalloclusters196

5.4.1 Monometal-Type Cluster Immobilization196

5.4.2 Heterometallic Clusters，Chemically Bonded with Polymers204

5.4.3 Cluster-Containing Monomer Synthesis and Copolymerization as a Way to Produce Metallopolymeric Composites207

References222

6 Physico-Chemical Methods of Metal-Polymer Nanocomposite Production237

6.1 Cryochemical Methods of Atomic Metal Deposition on Polymers237

6.2 Metal Evaporation Methods on Polymers Localized at Room Temperature246

6.3 Synthesis of Nanocomposites in a Plasma-Chemical Process249

6.4 Radiolysis in Polymer Solutions254

6.5 Photolysis of Metal-Polymer Systems as Means of Obtaining Nanocomposites256

6.6 Electrochemical Methods of Nanocomposite Formation261

References264

Part Ⅲ Hybrid Polymer-Inorganic Nanocomposites273

7 The Sol-Gel Process in Formation of Hybrid Nanocomposites273

7.1 General Characteristics of Sol-Gel Reactions274

7.2 A Combination of Polymerization Reactions and In Situ Sol-Gel Synthesis of Nanocomposites279

7.3 Sol- Gel Syntheses in the Presence of Polymers289

7.4 Morphology and Fractal Model of Hybrid Nanocomposites298

7.5 Nanocomposites Incorporating Multimetallic Ceramics300

References311

8 Polymer Intercalation into Porous and Layered Nanostructures321

8.1 A General Description of the Intercalation Process321

8.2 Polymerization into the Basal（Interlayer）Space327

8.3 The Macromolecules Introducing into the Layered Host Lattices336

8.4 Intercalation Nanocomposites of Polymer/Metal Chalcogenide Type345

8.5 Langmuir-Blodgett Metallopolymer Films as Self-Organized Hybrid Nanocomposites351

References363

9 Nanobiocomposites377

9.1 Basic Notions of Metal-Containing Protein Systems378

9.2 Metal Nanoparticles in Imrnunochemistry，Cytochemistry and Medicine384

9.3 Biosorption，Selective Heterocoagulation and Bacterial Concentration of Metal Nanoparticles390

9.4 Sol-Gel Process as a Way of Ternplate-Synthesized Nanobioceramics399

9.5 Biomineralization and Bioinorganic Nanocomposites403

References415

Part Ⅳ The Main Applications of Metal-Polymeric Nanocomposites427

10 Nanoparticle Modifying Action on Polymers427

10.1 The Control of Physico-Mechanical Properties of Nanocomposites428

10.2 The Peculiarity of Nanocomposites，Synthesized by Sol-Gel Methods431

10.3 Polyolefin-Based Nanocomposites434

10.4 Polymer Matrix Structurization in Nanocomposites437

10.5 The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Metallopolymer Nanocomposites442

10.6 Nanocomposites in Adhesion Compounds（Contacts）and Tribopolymers446

10.7 New Trends in Material Science Connected with Metallopolvmeric Nanocomposites450

References453

11 Magnetic，Electrical and Optical Properties of Metal-Polymer Nanocomposites459

11.1 Metallopolymeric Composites with Magnetic Properties460

11.2 Electrical Characteristics of Metallopolymer Composites473

11.3 Optical and Semiconductive Properties of Metal Polymer Nanosystems486

References501

12 Metallopolymeric Nanocatalysis515

12.1 A General Survey of Metallopolymer Catalysis516

12.2 Hydrogenization Processes517

12.3 Nanocatalysis of Reactions，Traditionally Perfomed with Homogeneous Metallocomplexes532

12.4 Nanocatalysis in Polymerization Processes535

12.5 Polymer-Protected Nanoparticles in Photocatalysis540

12.6 Metallopolymeric Nanocomposites in Catalysis543

References544

13 Conclusion551

Index555