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Part Ⅰ:Introduction to Systems1

1 SYSTEM DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS1

1.1 System Definitions and Elements1

1.2 Classification of Systems4

1.3 Science and Systems Science7

1.4 Transition to the Systems Age10

1.5 Technology and Technical Systems12

PREFACE13

CONTENTS13

1.6 Engineering in the Systems Age14

Questions and Problems16

2.1 Engineering for Product Competitiveness17

2 BRINGING SYSTEMS INTO BEING17

2.2 System Life-Cycle Engineering19

2.3 Systems Engineering Definitions23

2.4 The Systems Engineering Process24

2.5 System Design Evaluation29

2.6 Implementing Systems Engineering36

Questions and Problems43

Part Ⅱ:The System Design Process45

3 CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM DESIGN45

3.1 Identification of Need45

3.2 Accomplishment of Feasibility Analysis46

3.3 Advance System Planning47

3.4 System Requirements Analysis48

3.5 Technical Performance Measures(TPMs)57

3.6 Functional Analysis and Allocation61

3.7 Synthesis,Analysis,and Evaluation67

3.8 System Specification69

3.9 Conceptual Design Review71

Questions and Problems72

4 PRELIMINARY SYSTEM DESIGN74

4.1 Subsystem Functional Analysis74

4.2 Requirements Allocation80

4.3 Design Requirements(Parameters)84

4.4 Engineering Design Technologies86

4.5 Synthesis and Design Definition93

4.6 System Design Reviews94

Questions and Problems96

5 DETAIL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT97

5.1 Detail Design Requirements97

5.2 Integrating System Elements99

5.3 Design Engineering Activities104

5.4 Detail Design Aids107

5.5 Detail Design Documentation108

5.6 System Prototype Development112

5.7 Detail Design Reviews114

Questions and Problems119

6 SYSTEM TEST AND EVALUATION121

6.1 Requirements for Test and Evaluation121

6.2 Categories of System/Component Testing123

6.3 Planning for Test and Evaluation128

6.4 Preparation for Test and Evaluation130

6.5 Test Performance and Reporting132

6.6 System Modification140

Questions and Problems140

Part Ⅲ: Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation143

7 ALTERNATIVES AND MODELS IN DECISION MAKING143

7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making143

7.2 Models in Decision Making145

7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory149

7.4 The Decision Evaluation Matrix153

7.5 Decisions Under Assumed Certainty155

7.6 Decisions Under Risk157

7.7 Decisions Under Uncertainty160

7.8 The Decision Evaluation Display164

Questions and Problems166

8 MODELS FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION169

8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas169

8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence175

8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative Under Certainty179

8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives Under Certainty186

8.5 Evaluations Involving Multiple Criteria190

8.6 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Features192

8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations195

8.8 Break-Even Analysis Under Risk200

Questions and Problems201

9 OPTIMIZATION IN DESIGN AND OPERATIONS206

9.1 Classical Optimization Theory206

9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization213

9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization231

9.4 Evaluation Involving Optimization and Multiple Criteria236

9.5 Constrained Optimization by Linear Programming238

9.6 Constrained Optimization by Dynamic Programming247

Questions and Problems256

10 QUEUING THEORY AND ANALYSIS261

10.1 The Queuing System261

10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing265

10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models268

10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models278

10.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service280

10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models283

10.7 Repairable Equipment Population Systems291

Questions and Problems303

11 CONTROL CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES306

11.1 Some Control Concepts306

11.2 Statistical Process-Control309

11.3 Optimum Policy Control320

11.4 Project Control with CPM and PERT323

11.5 Total Quality Control334

Questions and Problems339

Part Ⅳ:Design for Operational Feasibility345

12 DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY345

12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability345

12.2 Measures of Reliability347

12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle362

12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods375

12.5 Design Review and Evaluation387

12.6 Reliability Test and Evaluation389

Questions and Problems396

13 DESIGN FOR MAINTAINABILITY401

13.1 Definition and Explanation of Maintainability401

13.2 Measures of Maintainability402

13.3 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle417

13.4 Maintainability Analysis Methods424

13.5 Design Review and Evaluation447

13.6 Maintainability Demonstration448

Questions and Problems454

14 DESIGN FOR USABILITY(HUMAN FACTORS)459

14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors459

14.2 The Measures in Human Factors474

14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle475

14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods478

14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements485

14.6 Design Review and Evaluation487

14.7 Personnel Test and Evaluation488

Questions and Problems488

15 DESIGN FOR SUPPORTABILITY(SERVICEABILITY)490

15.1 Definition and Explanation of Supportability491

15.2 The Elements of Support492

15.3 The Measures of Supportability495

15.4 Logistic Support in the System Life Cycle513

15.5 Supportability Analysis(SA)521

15.6 Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle Support(CALS)528

15.7 Total Productive Maintenance(TPM)529

15.8 Supportability Test and Evaluation531

Questions and Problems532

16 DESIGN FOR PRODUCIBILITY AND DISPOSABILITY535

16.1 Introduction to Producibility and Disposability535

16.2 Producibility and Disposability in the System Life Cycle539

16.3 Design for Producibility544

16.4 Modeling Manufacturing Progress549

16.5 Design for Disposability550

16.6 Integration of Producibility and Disposability553

Questions and Problems554

17.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing557

17 DESIGN FOR AFFORDABILITY(LIFE-CYCLE COST)557

17.2 Cost Emphasis in the System Life Cycle561

17.3 The Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Process565

17.4 A Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Process Example567

17.5 Life-Cycle Cost Applications and Benefits597

Questions and Problems602

Part Ⅴ:Systems Engineering Management609

18 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION609

18.1 Systems Engineering Planning610

18.2 System Engineering Management Plan(SEMP)610

18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering626

Questions and Problems638

18.4 Summary638

19 PROGRAM MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL640

19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives640

19.2 Direction and Control of Program Activities642

19.3 Program Evaluation Factors653

19.4 Program Risk Management657

Questions and Problems661

Part Ⅵ: Appendices663

APPENDIX A:ANALYSIS AND CHECKLIST METHODS664

A.1 Functional Analysis665

A.2 Design Review Checklists674

B.1 Probability Concepts and Theory678

APPENDIX B:PROBABILITY THEORY AND ANALYSIS678

B.2 Probability Distribution Models681

B.3 Monte Carlo Analysis690

APPENDIX C:PROBABI LITY AND STATISTICAL TABLES695

C.1 Random Rectangular Variates696

C.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities698

C.3 Cumulative Normal Probabilities702

APPENDIX D:INTEREST FACTORS TABLES704

Tables D.1 to D.8 Interest Factors for Annual Compounding704

APPENDIX E:FINITE QUEUING TABLES713

Table E.1 to E.3 Finite Queuing Factors713

APPENDIX F:SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY721

F.1 Systems,Systems Theory,Systems Engineering,and Systems Analysis722

F.2 Concurrent/Simultaneous Engineering723

F.3 Software/Computer-Aided Systems724

F.4 Reliability,Maintainability,and Maintenance Engineering724

F.5 Human Factors and Safety Engineering725

F.6 Logistics and Logistics Engineering725

F.7 Quality,Quality Engineering,and Quality Assurance726

F.8 Production,Producibility,and Environmental Engineering726

F.9 Operations Research,and Operations Analysis727

F.10 Engineering Economy,Economic Analysis,and Cost Estimating727

F.11 Management and Supporting Areas727

INDEX729