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Chapter 1 Overview of Operating Systems1

1.1 Introduction2

1.2 What Is an Operating System?2

1.3 Operating System Services4

1.4 Character Versus Graphical User Interfaces4

1.5 Types of Operating Systems5

1.6 The UNIX Family6

Summary6

Problems7

Chapter 2 Brief History of the UNIX Operating System9

2.2 Historical Development of the UNIX Operating System10

2.1 Introduction10

2.2.1 Beginnings11

2.2.2 Research Operating System12

2.2.3 AT＆T System V12

2.2.4 Berkely Software Distributions12

2.2.5 The History of Shells13

2.2.6 Current and Future Developments—LINUX13

2.3 Variations in UNIX Systems13

Summary14

Problems14

Chapter 3 Getting Started15

3.2.1 Main/Primary Storage16

3.1 Introduction16

3.2 Computer System Hardware16

3.2.2 Central Processing Unit(CPU)17

3.2.3 Disk18

3.2.4 Bus18

3.2.5 I/O Devices19

3.3 UNIX Software Architecture19

3.3.1 Device Driver Layer19

3.3.2 The UNIX Kernel20

3.3.4 Language Libraries22

3.3.5 UNIX Shell22

3.3.3 The System Call Interface22

3.3.6 Applications23

3.4 Logging On and Logging Off23

3.5 Correcting Mistakes27

3.6 Some Important System Setups28

3.7 Some Useful Commands for the Beginner30

3.7.1 Changing Your Password30

3.7.2 Getting Help30

3.7.3 Finding Out Who You Are and What the Name of Your UNIX System Is34

Summary35

Problems36

Chapter 4 UNIX Shells39

4.1 Introduction40

4.2 Various UNIX Shells41

4.2.1 Shell Programs42

4.2.2 Which Shell Suits Your Needs?42

4.2.3 Ways to Change Your Shell43

4.2.4 Shell Start-up Files and Environment Variables45

4.3 Some Other Useful General-Purpose Commands46

4.3.1 Creating and Displaying Directories46

4.3.2 Displaying Files48

4.3.3 Printing Files48

4.3.5 One-Way Real-Time Messaging49

4.3.4 Displaying a Calendar49

4.3.6 Notification of and Permission for Electronic Communication50

4.3.7 Creating Pseudonyms for Commands51

4.3.8 Displaying System Up Time53

4.4 Shell Metacharacters54

Summary56

Problems56

Chapter 5 Editing Text Files59

5.1 Introduction60

5.2.1 Creating the Text of an e-mail Message with the pico Text Editor61

5.2.2 How to Start,Save a File,and Exit61

5.2 How to Do Short and Simple Edits by Using the pico Editor61

5.2.3 General Keystroke Commands and Cursor Management64

5.2.4 Cutting/Pasting and Searching66

5.3 Obtaining More Control by Using the vi Editor67

5.3.1 Shell Script File68

5.3.2 How to Start,Save a File,and Exit70

5.3.3 The Format of a vi Command and the Modes of Operation71

5.3.4 Cursor Movement and Editing Commands76

5.3.5 Yank and Put(Copy and Paste)and Substitute(Search and Replace)78

5.3.6 Setting the vi Environment81

5.4.1 DOS Aliases82

5.4 Getting the Maximum Control by Using the emacs Editor82

5.3.7 Executing Shell Commands from Within vi82

5.4.2 How to Start,Save a File,and Exit84

5.4.3 Cursor Movement and Editing Commands85

5.4.4 Keyboard Macros86

5.4.5 Cut or Copy and Paste and Search and Replace89

5.5 Optional—How to Do Graphical Editing by Using emacs and the X Window System93

5.5.1 Editing Data Files93

5.5.2 How to Start,Save a File,and Exit94

5.5.3 X Window emacs Menus96

Summary98

Problems98

Chapter 6 Electronic Mail101

6.1 Introduction102

6.2 How to Use the UNIX mail Command Effectively105

6.2.1 Sending and Reading e-mail with the UNIX mail Command105

6.2.2 Sending e-mail with mail106

6.2.3 Reading e-mail with mail109

6.2.4 Saving Messages in Folders111

6.2.5 Replying to and Forwarding Messages—and Including Attachments112

6.2.6 mail Aliases113

6.3 elm—A Full Screen Display e-mail System114

6.3.1 Sending a Message in elm115

6.3.2 Sending e-mail with elm115

6.3.3 Reading e-mail in elm119

6.3.4 Forwarding and Replying to an e-mail Message in elm120

6.3.5 Saving Messages in Folders123

6.3.6 elm Aliases123

6.4 pine—Another Full-Screen Display e-mail System125

6.4.1 Sending an e-mail Message by Using pine with an Attachment Created in vi125

6.4.2 Sending e-mail with pine128

6.4.3 Reading e-mail with pine130

6.4.4 Disposing of e-mail in Folders in pine131

6.4.5 Using the pine Address Book133

6.4.6 A Summary of pine Commands137

Summary138

Problems139

Chapter 7 Files and File System Structure143

7.1 Introduction144

7.2 The UNIX File Concept144

7.3 Types of Files144

7.3.1 Simple/Ordinary File144

7.3.2 Directory145

7.3.3 Link File146

7.3.4 Special File(Device)146

7.3.5 Named Pipe(FIFO)147

7.4 File System Structure147

7.4.1 File System Organization147

7.4.3 Pathnames:Absolute and Relative148

7.4.2 Home and Present Working Directories148

7.4.4 Some Standard Directories and Files149

7.5 Navigating the File Structure152

7.5.1 Determining the Absolute Pathname for Your Home Directory153

7.5.2 Browsing the File System154

7.5.3 Creating Files157

7.5.4 Creating and Removing Directories157

7.5.5 Determing File Attributes159

7.5.6 Determing the Type of a File's Contents161

7.6 File Representation and Storage in UNIX163

7.7 Standard Files and File Descriptions165

Summary167

7.8 End of File(eof)Marker167

Problems168

Chapter 8 File Security171

8.1 Introduction172

8.2 Password-Based Protection172

8.3 Encryption-Based Protection173

8.4 Protection Based on Access Permission174

8.4.1 Types of Uses174

8.4.2 Types of File Operations/Access Permissions174

8.5 Determining and Changing File Access Privileges175

8.5.1 Determing File Access Privileges176

8.5.2 Changing File Access Privileges178

8.5.3 Default File Access Privileges183

8.6 Special Acces Bits184

8.6.1 The Set-User-ID(SUID)Bit184

8.6.2 The Set-Group-ID(SGID)Bit186

8.6.3 The Sticky Bit187

Summary189

Problems190

Chapter 9 Basic File Processing193

9.1 Introduction194

9.2 Viewing Contents of Text Files194

9.2.1 Viewing Complete Files194

9.2.2 Viewing Files One Page at a Time197

9.2.3 Viewing the Head or Tail of a File198

9.3 Copying,Moving,and Removing Files202

9.3.1 Copying Files202

9.3.2 Moving Files205

9.3.3 Removing/Deleting Files207

9.3.4 Determing File Size209

9.4 Appending to Files211

9.5 Combining Files213

9.6 Comparing Files215

9.7 Removing Repeated Lines219

9.8.1 UNIX Mechanism for Printing Files221

9.8 Printing Files and Controlling Print Jobs221

9.8.2 Printing Files222

9.8.3 Finding the Status of Your Print Requests224

9.8.4 Canceling Your Print Jobs226

Summary228

Problems229

Chapter 10 Advanced File Processing231

10.1 Introduction232

10.2 Regular Expressions232

10.3 Compressing Files234

10.4 Sorting Files238

10.5 Searching for Commands and Files241

10.6 Searching Files245

10.7 Cutting and Pasting250

10.8 Encoding and Decoding255

10.9 File Encryption and Decryption258

Summary262

Problems263

Chapter 11 File Sharing265

11.1 Introduction266

11.2 Duplicate Shared Files266

11.3 Common Login for Memebers of a Team266

11.6 File Sharmg Via Links267

11.4 Setting Appropriate Access Permissions on Shared Files267

11.5 Common Group for Members of a Team267

11.6.1 Hard Links268

11.6.2 Drawbacks of Hard Links276

11.6.3 Soft/Symbolic Links278

11.6.4 Pros and Cons of Symbolic Links283

Summary284

Problems285

Chapter 12 Redirection and Piping287

12.3 Input Redirection288

12.2 Standard Files288

12.1 Introduction288

12.4 Output Redirection290

12.5 Combining Input and Output Redirection292

12.6 I/O Redirection with File Descriptors293

12.7 Redirection Standard Error294

12.8 Redirecting stdout and stderr in One Command295

12.9 Redirecting stdin,stdout,and stderr in One Command297

12.10 Redirecting Without Overwriting File Contents(Appending)299

12.11 UNIX Pipes301

12.12 Redirection and Piping Combined305

12.13 Error Redirection in the C Shell306

12.14 Recap of I/O and Error Redirection310

Summary312

Problems313

Chapter 13 Processes317

13.1 Introduction318

13.2 Running Multiple Processes Simultaneously318

13.3 UNIX Process States319

13.4 Execution of Shell Commands320

13.5 Process Attributes324

13.6 Process and Job Control328

13.6.1 Foreground and Background Processes and Related Commands328

13.6.3 Sequential and Parallel Execution of Commands335

13.6.2 UNIX Daemons335

13.6.4 Abnormal Termination of Commands and Processes340

13.7 Process Hierarchy in UNIX344

Summary345

Problems346

Chapter 14 Networking and Internetworking349

14.1 Introduction350

14.2 Computer Networks and Internetworks350

14.3 The Reasons for Computer Networks and Internetworks351

14.4 Network Models352

14.5.1 TCP and UDP354

14.5 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite354

14.5.2 Routing of Application Data—The Internet Protocol(IP)355

14.5.3 IPv4 Addresses in Dotted Decimal Notation357

14.5.4 Symbolic Names358

14.5.5 Translating Names to IP Addresses—The Domain Name System360

14.6 Internet Services and Protocols362

14.7 The Client-Server Software Model363

14.8 Application Software364

14.8.1 Displaying the Host Name364

14.8.2 Displaying List of Users Using Hosts on a Network365

14.8.3 Displaying the Status of Hosts on a Network367

14.8.4 Testing a Network Connection368

14.8.5 Displaying Information about Users369

14.8.6 Remote Login373

14.8.7 Remote Command Execution380

14.8.8 File Transfer383

14.8.9 Remote Copy387

14.8.10 Interactive Chat389

14.8.11 Tracing the Route from One Site to Another Site391

Summary392

Problems393

Chapter 15 Introductory Bourne Shell Programming395

15.1 Introduction396

15.2 Running a Bourne Shell Script396

15.3 Shell Variables and Related Commands397

15.3.1 Reading and Writing Shell Variables401

15.3.2 Command Substitution403

15.3.3 Exporting Environment404

15.3.4 Resetting Variables407

15.3.5 Creating Read-Only User-Defined Variables408

15.3.6 Reading from Standard Input409

15.4 Passing Arguments to Shell Scripts411

15.5 Comments and Program Headers415

15.6 Program Control Flow Commands417

15.6.1 The if-then-elif-else-fi Statement417

15.6.2 The for Statement427

15.6.3 The while Statement429

15.6.4 The until Statement432

15.6.5 The break and continue Commands433

15.6.6 The case Statement434

Summary439

Problems440

Chapter 16 Advanced Bourne Shell Programming443

16.1 Introduction444

16.2 Numeric Data Processing444

16.3 The Here Document450

16.4 Interrupt(Signal)Processing454

16.5.1 Execution of a Command Without Creating a New Process459

16.5 The exec Command and File I/O459

16.5.2 File I/O via the exec Command461

16.6 Functions in the Bourne Shell469

16.6.1 The Reasons for Functions469

16.6.2 Function Definition470

16.6.3 Function Invocation/Call470

16.6.4 Examples of Functions471

16.7 Debugging Shell Programs473

Summary475

Programs476

Chapter 17 Introductory C Shell Programming477

17.2 Running a C Shell Script478

17.1 Introduction478

17.3 Shell Variables and Related Commands479

17.3.1 Reading and Writing Shell Variables483

17.3.2 Command Substitution486

17.3.3 Exporting Environment487

17.3.4 Resetting Variables489

17.3.5 Reading from Standard Input491

17.4 Passing Arguments to Shell Scripts492

17.5 Comments and Program Headers496

17.6 Program Control Flow Commands497

17.6.1 The if-the-else-endif Statement498

17.6.2 The foreach Statement506

17.6.3 The while Statement508

17.6.4 The break,continue,and goto Commands510

17.6.5 The switch Statement512

Summary515

Problems516

Chapter 18 Advanced C Shell Programming519

18.1 Introduction520

18.2 Numeric Data Processing520

18.3 Array Processing522

18.4 The Here Document528

18.5 Interrupt(Signal)Processing530

18.6 Debugging Shell Programs535

Summary536

Problems537

Chapter 19 File System Backup539

19.1 Introduction540

19.2 Archiving and Restoring Files Via tar540

19.2.1 Archiving Files542

19.2.2 Restoring Archived Files546

19.2.3 Copying Directory Hierarchies549

19.3 Software Distributions in the tar Format550

Problems551

Summary551

Chapter 20 Unix Tools for Software Development553

20.1 Introduction554

20.2 Computer Programming Languages554

20.3 The Compilation Process556

20.4 The Software Engineering Life Cycle557

20.5 Program Generation Tools559

20.5.1 Generating C Source Files559

20.5.2 Indenting C Source Code559

20.5.3 Compiling C Programs562

20.5.4 Handling Module-Based C Software567

20.5.5 Building Object Files into a Library578

20.5.6 Working with Libraries582

20.5.7 Version Control586

20.6 Stattic Analysis Tools627

20.6.1 Verifying Code for Portability628

20.6.2 Source Code Metrics633

20.7 Dynamic Analysis Tools634

20.7.1 Tracing Program Execution634

20.7.2 Source Code Debugging636

20.7.3 Run-Time Performance651

Summary653

Problems654

Chapter 21 X Window System-The UNIX Graphical User Interface657

21.2 User-Computer Interactivity and the X Window System658

21.1 Introduction658

21.2.1 The Key Components of Interactivity—Events and Request659

21.3 The Role of a Window Manager in the User Interface and fvwm662

21.3.1 Functions and Appearance of the Window Manager Interface662

21.3.2 The Appearance and Operation of fvwm662

21.4 Customizing the X Window System and fvwm666

21.4.1 Command Line Changes to an X Window System Application667

21.4.2 Preference Changes in.Xdefaults and.xinitrc Initialization Files670

21.4.3 Typical Changes in.fvwmrc to Customize the fvwm Window Manager672

Summary676

Problems676