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CONTENTS1

Chapter 1 Gases,Gas Phase Equilibria1

1.1 The Perfect-gas Law1

1.2 The Partial Pressures of Components of a Gas Mixture5

1.3 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases8

1.4 Diffusion and Effusion10

1.5 Real Gases12

1.6 The Scientific Method14

1.7 Chemical Equilibrium in gaseous state15

1.8 Le Ch？telier's Principle20

1.9 Heterogeneous Equilibria23

Chapter 2　Chemical Thermodynamics27

2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics27

2.2 The Isothermal Expansion of an Ideal Gas30

2.3 Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change32

2.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics38

2.5 Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity44

2.6 Interpretation of Free Energy46

Chapter 3　Chemical Kinetics53

3.1　Reaction Rates53

3.2 Rate Laws and Reaction Order56

3.3 Determining the Rate Law58

3.4 Temperature and Rate:A Model for Chemical Kinetics62

3.5 Reaction Mechanisms66

3.6 Catalysis68

Chapter 4 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table of the Elements72

4.1 Dalton's Atomic Theory72

4.2 Basic Compositions of Atoms73

4.3 The Birth of the Quantum Theory73

4.4 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen and Bohr Theory75

4.5 The Quantum Mechanical Description of Hydrogen Atom78

4.6 Polyelectronic Atoms82

4.7 Electron Configurations of Atoms84

4.8 Electron Diagrams of Atoms87

4.9 The Periodic Table88

4.10 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties90

Chapter 5　The Chemical Bond97

5.1 Types of Chemical Bonds97

5.2 Ionic Bond97

5.3 Covalent Bond102

5.4 Describing the Valence Electron Arrangement104

5.5 Predicting the Molecular Structure:The VSEPR Model109

5.6 Valence Bond Theory:Hybrid Orbitals113

5.7 Polar covalent Bond119

5.8 Bond Energy121

5.9 Molecular Orbital Theory123

5.10 Orbitals:Human Inventions128

Chapter 6　Liquid and Solid132

6.1 Intermolecular Forces132

6.2 The Properties of Liquid State135

6.3 Solid state136

6.4 Lattices139

6.5 Metallic Crystals141

6.6 Ionic Crystals143

6.7 Covalent Network Solids:Carbon and Silicon145

6.8 Phase Transitions146

Chapter 7 Acid-Base Equilibria153

7.1 Acid-Base concept153

7.2 Water as an Acid and a Base155

7.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases156

7.5 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions158

7.4 The pH Scale158

7.6 Acid-Base Properties of Salts161

7.7 Acid Solutions in Which Water Contributes to the H+Concentration165

7.8 Common Ion Effect167

7.9 Buffered Solutions169

7.10 Acid-Base Titration171

Chapter 8　Solutions183

8.1 Solubility183

8.2 Solubility Equilibria187

8.3 Complications Inherent in Solubility Calculations195

8.4 Complex Ion Equilibria195

8.5 Colligative Properties199

8.6 Colloidal Solution205

9.1 Electrochemical Cells209

Chapter 9　Electrochemistry209

9.2 Standard Reduction Potentials213

9.3 Electrochemistry and Thermodynamics217

9.4 Dependence of the Cell Potential on Concentration218

9.5 Batteries221

9.6 Corrosion223

9.7 Electrolysis224

9.8 Commercial Electrolytic Processes226

Chapter 10　The Main-Group Elements230

10.1 A Survey of the Main-Group Elements230

10.2 Group ⅠA Elements234

10.3 The Chemistry of Hydrogen236

10.4 The Group ⅡA Elements238

10.5 The Group ⅢA Elements240

10.6 The Group ⅣA Elements242

10.7 The Group ⅤA Elements246

10.8 The Chemistry of Nitrogen248

10.9 The Chemistry of Phosphorus252

10.10 The Group Ⅵ A Elements254

10.11 The Chemistry of Sulfur256

10.12 The Group ⅦA Elements259

10.13 The Group ⅧA Elements263

Chapter 11 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry268

11.1 Properties of the Transition Elements268

11.2 The chemistry of First-Row Transition Metals272

11.3 Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds279

11.4 Structure and Isomerism283

11.5 Valence Bond Theory of Complex Ions:The Localized Electron Model284

11.6 The Crystal Field Model287

11.7 The Biological Importance of Coordination Complexes291

Appendix A　Mathematical Procedures295

A1 Uncertainties in Measurements295

A2 Significant Figures299

A3 Discordant Data300

Appendix B　Spectral Analysis302

Appendix C Naming Simple Compounds306

C1 Binary Ionic Compounds306

C2 Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions307

C3 Covalent Compounds307

C4 Hydrates308

Appendix D　Selected Thermodynamic Data309

Appendix E　Equilibrium Constants and Standard Reduction Potentials312

Appendix F314

GLOSSARY318

Reference Materials339